Current situation and control strategies for resurgence of diphtheria in newly independent states of the former Soviet Union

Hardy, Iain R. B.; Sutter, Roland W.; Dittmann, S

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(96)90811-9

Cited by 166 publications

(88 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…About two-thirds of the reported cases occurred among persons ≥15 years of age. In Ukraine too, at the peak of the epidemic in 1995, more than 80% cases were reported in the same age group [13][14][15][16] . In fact, serologic studies in the 1980s from these countries had suggested that >50% of adults were susceptible to diphtheria.…”

Section: Fig 2: Parent's Education and Vaccination Status Of Respondmentioning

confidence: 99%

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2017

IJPSR

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Background:Immunization is the most cost-effective intervention for infectious diseases which are the major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. There is a scarcity of information on the vaccination status of young adults and the role of socioeconomic conditions in India. Objectives: Present study explored the adult vaccination status and influence of income and education of parents on adult vaccination status in university students from Mumbai, India. Methods: On the basis of the eligibility criterion 149 students were selected for the present study. A total of 8 vaccines namely Tdap/DTP, Varicella, MMR, Influenza, Pneumococcal, Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B and Meningococcal were included in this study for all the respondents. In addition to these vaccines, Human Papilloma Virus vaccine was also included for female respondents. Results: There were total of 149 (75 male and 74 females) respondents with the mean age of 21.5 years. The top 3 immunizations were Td/Tdap (97.3%), MMR (66.4%) and Hepatitis B (55%) among the respondents. Only 4 (5.5%) female respondents have been immunized against the HPV. Conclusions: Td/Tdap (97.3%) and MMR (66.4%) coverage was in line with the recommendations. For all the other vaccines the coverage was low varying from 5.5% to 35.4%. The vaccination coverage was better in respondents with higher educated and higher income parents. We suggest that patient education, planning by government for the implementation of policy for adult vaccination and involvement of physicians are must for better adult vaccination coverage.

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Section: Fig 2: Parent's Education and Vaccination Status Of Respondmentioning

confidence: 99%

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2017

IJPSR

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“…The double primary, [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] N,1′-14 C] KIE = 1.062 ± 0.010 (n = 2), was measured and found to be, within experimental error, equal to the product of the individual KIEs, 1.065. This relationship was also observed for the solvolytic hydrolysis of NAD + , where the measured [1-15 N,1′-14 C] KIE = 1.034 ± 0.002 (n = 6) was equal to the product of the individual KIEs, 1.036.…”

Section: [1-15 N1′-14 C] Kiementioning

confidence: 99%

Transition State Structure for the Hydrolysis of NAD⁺Catalyzed by Diphtheria Toxin

1997

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Diphtheria toxin (DTA) uses NAD + as an ADP-ribose donor to catalyze the ADP-ribosylation of eukaryotic elongation factor 2. This inhibits protein biosynthesis and ultimately leads to cell death. In the absence of its physiological acceptor, DTA catalyzes the slow hydrolysis of NAD + to ADPribose and nicotinamide, a reaction that can be exploited to measure kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) of isotopically labeled NAD + s. Competitive KIEs were measured by the radiolabel method for NAD + molecules labeled at the following positions: 1-15 N = 1.030 ± 0.004, 1′-14 C = 1.034 ± 0.004, (1-15 N,1′-14 C) = 1.062 ± 0.010, 1′-3 H = 1.200 ± 0.005, 2′-3 H = 1.142 ± 0.005, 4′-3 H = 0.990 ± 0.002, 5′-3 H = 1.032 ± 0.004, 4′-18 O = 0.986 ± 0.003. The ring oxygen, 4′-18 O, KIE was also measured by whole molecule mass spectrometry (0.991 ± 0.003) and found to be within experimental error of that measured by the radiolabel technique, giving an overall average of 0.988 ± 0.003. The transition state structure of NAD + hydrolysis was determined using a structure interpolation method to generate trial transition state structures and bond-energy/bond-order vibrational analysis to predict the KIEs of the trial structures. The predicted KIEs matched the experimental ones for a concerted, highly oxocarbenium ion-like transition state. The residual bond order to the leaving group was 0.02 (bond length = 2.65 Å), while the bond order to the approaching nucleophile was 0.03 (2.46 Å). This is an A N D N mechanism, with both leaving group and nucleophilic participation in the reaction coordinate. Fitting the transition state structure into the active site cleft of the X-ray crystallographic structure of DTA highlighted the mechanisms of enzymatic stabilization of the transition state. Desolvation of the nicotinamide ring, stabilization of the oxocarbenium ion by apposition of the side chain carboxylate of Glu148 with the anomeric carbon of the ribosyl moiety, and the placement of the substrate phosphate near the positively charged side chain of His21 are all consistent with the transition state features from KIE analysis.

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“…In fact, the waning immunity of a previously immunized population was considered to be a major factor for the recent diphtheria epidemic in Russia and the New Independent States (NIS) of the former Soviet Union in the early 1990s. 1,4,13,15 Here, we describe the isolation of toxigenic C. diphtheriae from the infected wound of a horse. The isolation of toxigenic C. diphtheriae from a horse reiterates the possibility of horses and other animals serving as reservoirs for C. diphtheriae in the USA and potentially playing a role in the circulation of toxigenic strains.…”

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Toxigenic Corynebacterium Diphtheriae Associated with an Equine Wound Infection

et al. 2000

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Current situation and control strategies for resurgence of diphtheria in newly independent states of the former Soviet Union

Cited by 166 publications

References 14 publications

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Transition State Structure for the Hydrolysis of NAD⁺Catalyzed by Diphtheria Toxin

Toxigenic Corynebacterium Diphtheriae Associated with an Equine Wound Infection

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Current situation and control strategies for resurgence of diphtheria in newly independent states of the former Soviet Union

Cited by 166 publications

References 14 publications

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Transition State Structure for the Hydrolysis of NAD+Catalyzed by Diphtheria Toxin

Toxigenic Corynebacterium Diphtheriae Associated with an Equine Wound Infection

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Transition State Structure for the Hydrolysis of NAD⁺Catalyzed by Diphtheria Toxin