Current Status and Future Prospects of Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann (Diptera: Tephritidae) Control in Morocco

Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Moroccan Citrus orchards: Chemical and Sustainable Control Methods and Priorities for Future Research

“…22,23 The medflies affect other fruit plantations like apples, pears, nectarines, peaches, and plums pomegranates, in different regions and environmental conditions. 24,25…”

“…These methods could be utilized as control measures to meet the new international market requirements regarding fruit protection, quality, healthy environment, and human health. 28,29 Consequently, sustainable approaches to chemical control like biopesticides, 30,31 the sterile insect technique (SIT), 19 cold treatment 32 and mass trapping 33 are used. Other methods, such as the continued release of self-limiting medfly strains, are also being studied.…”

“…43 The "Spinosad" compound has become the favoured chemical treatment, particularly during the harvest phase, because of its short persistence in the ecosystem and its average pre-harvest interval of one day. 44 Infestation rate and adult pest prevalence fruit define the date and regularity of chemical sprays. 45 Therefore, the monitoring starting point that designates when spraying should start is three to five adult males per trap and day.…”

“…45 Therefore, the monitoring starting point that designates when spraying should start is three to five adult males per trap and day. 44 On the other hand, in small orchards, sprays are applied once every ten days, mainly during late summer and autumn periods for the precocious citrus varieties and between the end of winter and spring, for the tardive varieties, depending on the yield zone. 1 However, to conform with Russian quarantine protocols of imported crops, an arrangement has been engaged with Russia targeting to support medfly control by farmers interested in the Russian market, reducing the chemical spray threshold to 1 male or 0.5 females/(trap•day).…”

“…This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License infestation, the Department of Agriculture's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service had to temporarily forbid importing some products, including clementines, tangerines, mandarins, and sweet oranges produced or shipped from the Berkane region during 2016. 19 The review aimed at two objectives, namely: summarize existing literature on current approaches used to control the medfly population, prompt the employment of integrated medfly-management techniques based on environmentally-friendly practices, such as biological control, biopesticides, or the use of a self-limiting genetic process as well as discuss high-priority research guidelines to investigate new sustainable management strategies that have been tested in other countries with similar contexts.…”