Current Status of Early Blight Resistance in Tomato: An Update

Adhikari, Pragya; Oh, Yeonyee; Panthee, Dilip R.

doi:10.3390/ijms18102019

Cited by 172 publications

(146 citation statements)

References 80 publications

(136 reference statements)

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“…Additionally, some potentially pathogenic fungi including F. oxysporum and A. alternate, were increased considerably in the nutrient solution or substrate samples. Of them, F. oxysporum can cause Fusarium wilt in tomato, and A. alternate is responsible for many tomato diseases, e.g., stem canker, black mold rot, leaf spot, early blight, and black shoulder disease [33][34][35]. We also identified P. krajdenii, a pathogenic fungus causing petri disease in grapevine [36].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Microbial community dynamics in the recirculating nutrient solution of tomato plug seedlings cultivated under ebb-and-flow system

Chen¹,

Li²,

Wang³

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Background: The ebb-and-flow system has ability to recirculate water and nutrients, and offers a good method to control nutrient leaching from greenhouses into the environment. However, the potential for the rapid spread of bacterial and fungal pathogens is the main hindrance for its adoption in vegetable seedlings production. Natural microflora has often shown a certain ability to suppress diseases.Results: Here, through 16S rRNA- and ITS1-targeted Illumina sequencing, the dynamic changes in bacterial and fungal communities in the recirculating nutrient solution were characterized for tomato plug seedlings cultivated in an ebb-and-flow system in summer and winter. Both bacterial number and microbial diversity in the nutrient solution increased with recirculating irrigation, and these changes differed between summer and winter. Pseudomonas was among the most predominant bacterial genera in the nutrient solution; its relative abundance gradually increased with recycling in summer but decreased dramatically in winter. In summer, the predominant bacteria also included Comamonas and Sediminibacterium , whose relative abundances in the nutrient solution decreased and increased, respectively. In winter, the nutrient solution was also colonized by Sphingomonas , predominantly at the late stage of irrigation. Among fungi, Amanita and Trichoderma were predominant in both summer and winter. Amanita gradually increased in summer but decreased rapidly after the first irrigation cycle in winter, whereas Trichoderma accumulated rapidly at the late stage of irrigation in both summer and winter. Alternaria and Fusarium were predominant in the nutrient solution only in summer, with the former decreased and the latter increased with recirculating irrigation. Moreover, Pseudomonas mediterranea , a potentially pathogenic bacterium, and Fusarium oxysporum , a fungal pathogen were present predominantly in winter and summer, respectively. Some potentially beneficial microbes functioning in plant-growth promotion and water self-purification, such as Sphingobium xenophagum , Trichoderma harzianum , and T. virens , were identified to be increased in the recirculating nutrient solution.Conclusions: The present data elucidate the bacterial and fungal dynamics in an ebb-and-flow system and provide useful information for pathogen control during tomato seedling production.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Microbial community dynamics in the recirculating nutrient solution of tomato plug seedlings cultivated under ebb-and-flow system

Chen¹,

Li²,

Wang³

et al. 2019

Preprint

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“…It is hardly possible to identify tomato and potato germplasm with race-specific resistance since results of genetic studies on resistance to A. solani derived from different donors point to the same conclusion that resistance to the pathogen is expressed quantitatively that is controlled by minor genes (Chaerani et al 2007;Odilbekov 2015;Adhikari et al 2017). Averages of 8 plants × 3 replicates.…”

Section: Aggressiveness Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…solani is difficult to control since it has a short life cycle, is primarily air borne, has long survival ability in plant debris and soil, and has a wide solanaceaous host range (Chaerani and Voorrips 2006). Host resistance is the most economically and environmentally sound approach over fungicidal spray to restrict early blight incidence in the field, but tomato and potato cultivars with high level of early blight resistance and desirable horticultural traits have not been identified (Gardner and Panthee 2012;Odilbekov 2015;Adhikari et al 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The occurrence of differential aggressiveness among isolates has led to the conclusion for the presence of physiological races (Bonde 1929). However, the race concept in A. solani has not been widely accepted due to lack of characterized differential varieties (Chaerani and Voorrips 2006;Gannibal et al 2014;Adhikari et al 2017) Genetic variation within A. solani populations has been assessed using various molecular markers which included random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) (Weir et al 1998;Varma et al 2006;Kumar et al 2008;Lourenço Jr et al 2011;Weber and Halterman 2012;Leiminger et al 2013), random amplified microsatellites (RAMS) (van der Waals et al 2004), amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) (Martinez et al 2004;Lourenço Jr et al 2011;Odilbekov et al 2016), and simple sequence repeats (SSRs) (Meng et al 2015), as well as sequence analyses of A. solani genome portion (Lourenço et al 2009;Weber and Halterman 2012). Among different types of molecular markers, AFLP marker has become one of the major methods of choice for studies of genetic diversity because it does not require prior knowledge of genomic sequence and generates a large number of polymorphic loci in a single experiment (Martinez et al 2004;Odilbekov et al 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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VARIATION IN AGGRESSIVENESS AND AFLP AMONG Alternaria solani ISOLATES FROM INDONESIA

Chaerani¹,

Kardin²,

Suhardi³

et al. 2018

Indones. J. Agric. Sci.

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Alternaria solani is a necrotroph fungus that causes three-phased diseases in tomato. Management of the pathogen by using resistant cultivars requires knowledge on the aggressiveness and genetic diversity of the fungus. The aims of this study were to isolate A. solani from major tomato and potato producing areas in Indonesia and to study their aggressiveness and genetic variability. Twenty two A. solani isolates were recovered from early blighted tomato and potato in Central and West Java. A. alternata was also isolated from tomato leaves in West Java and North Sumatra, indicating that early blight in Indonesia may be caused by more than one Alternaria species. Resistance tests of four tomato genotypes to selected A. solani isolates revealed that local isolates were more aggressive in inciting early blight and stem lesion than an imported isolate from USA. This implies that introduced breeding materials must be tested to local isolates to obtain effective resistance genes. Cluster analysis based on amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) obtained from EcoRI+AG and MseI+C primer amplification separated 28 local and Taiwan isolates from the US isolate, which was coincided with aggressiveness separation between the local isolates and the US isolate. Three clusters of AFLP genotypes which did not associate with geographic origin were observed among tropical isolates. The low genetic diversity among the Indonesian isolates suggests clonal population structure with wide distribution. Successful local tomato breeding requires the availability of local A. solani collection with well-characterized aggressiveness level and molecular diversity to obtain effective resistance genes.

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“…Another fungal disease is early blight, and yield losses have been estimated at 79% produced by Alternaria solani (Adhikari, Oh, & Panthee, 2017). Also, the bacteria Clavibacter michiganensis (Smith) and Pseudomonas syringae Van Hall are the agents that cause bacterial cankers and bacterial specks on tomatoes (Blank et al, 2016;Kolomiiets, Grygoryuk, Butsenko, & Kalinichenko, 2019).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

In vitro antimicrobial effect of metallic nanoparticles on phytopathogenic strains of crop plants

Vera‐Reyes

Esparza‐Arredondo²,

Lira-Saldívar³

et al. 2019

Journal of Phytopathology

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In this research, the in vitro antimicrobial effect of zinc oxide (ZnO), copper oxide (CuO) and iron oxide (Fe2O3) nanoparticles (NPs)—with average sizes of 20, 46 and 30 nm, respectively—on the root rot disease caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum and on blight disease caused by the fungus Alternaria solani were studied. Also, bacterial diseases caused by Clavibacter michiganensis and Pseudomonas syringae that infects a wide range of plant species were assessed. Different concentrations of NPs (0, 100, 250, 500, 700 and 1,000 mg/L) were prepared on PDA agar or King's B medium in a complete randomized design with four replicates. According to the results, ZnO NPs exhibited an outstanding inhibitory effect against fungi and bacteria strains. The above results were associated with the smaller particle size. Fungi strains showed a differential sensitivity depending on the kind of NPs used. A. solani showed the highest sensitivity to ZnO NPs at 1,000 mg/L (99%), followed by CuO NPs at the same dose (95%). Fe2O3 NPs at all evaluated doses had no inhibitory effects on the mycelia growth of this strain, although F. oxysporum revealed greater effectiveness of the CuO NPs (96%) compared with ZnO NPs since it only inhibited 91% of the mycelial growth. The antibacterial activity was studied through optical density. C. michiganensis was found to be more sensitive to ZnO NPs because a lesser dose (700 mg/L) was required to reduce the bacterial growth (90%); in comparison, P. syringae required a dose of 1,000 mg/L to inhibit its growth (67%). CuO NPs displayed the smallest growth inhibition against the bacteria strains analysed. The antimicrobial effect of the metallic NPs that were assayed increased with higher doses.

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Current Status of Early Blight Resistance in Tomato: An Update

Cited by 172 publications

References 80 publications

Microbial community dynamics in the recirculating nutrient solution of tomato plug seedlings cultivated under ebb-and-flow system

Microbial community dynamics in the recirculating nutrient solution of tomato plug seedlings cultivated under ebb-and-flow system

VARIATION IN AGGRESSIVENESS AND AFLP AMONG Alternaria solani ISOLATES FROM INDONESIA

In vitro antimicrobial effect of metallic nanoparticles on phytopathogenic strains of crop plants

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