Current Trends and New Challenges in Marine Phycotoxins

Louzao, M. Carmen; Vilariño, Natalia; Vale, Carmen; Costas, Celia; Cao, Alejandro; Raposo-García, Sandra; Vieytes, Mercedes R.; Botana, Luís M.

doi:10.3390/md20030198

Cited by 28 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 410 publications

(570 reference statements)

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“…In recent decades the proliferation of toxic phytoplankton has been representing a global risk affecting the marine environment and public health [ 1 , 2 ]. This phenomenon is known as harmful algal blooms (HABs).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contribution of Mass Spectrometry to the Advances in Risk Characterization of Marine Biotoxins: Towards the Characterization of Metabolites Implied in Human Intoxications

Estevez

Gago-Martı́nez

2023

Toxins

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A significant spread and prevalence of algal toxins and, in particular, marine biotoxins have been observed worldwide over the last decades. Marine biotoxins are natural contaminants produced during harmful algal blooms being accumulated in seafood, thus representing a threat to human health. Significant progress has been made in the last few years in the development of analytical methods able to evaluate and characterize the different toxic analogs involved in the contamination, Liquid Chromatography coupled to different detection modes, including Mass Spectrometry, the method of choice due to its potential for separation, identification, quantitation and even confirmation of the different above-mentioned analogs. Despite this, the risk characterization in humans is still limited, due to several reasons, including the lack of reference materials or even the limited access to biological samples from humans intoxicated during these toxic events and episodes, which hampered the advances in the evaluation of the metabolites responsible for the toxicity in humans. Mass Spectrometry has been proven to be a very powerful tool for confirmation, and in fact, it is playing an important role in the characterization of the new biotoxins analogs. The toxin metabolization in humans is still uncertain in most cases and needs further research in which the implementation of Mass Spectrometric methods is critical. This review is focused on compiling the most relevant information available regarding the metabolization of several marine biotoxins groups, which were identified using Mass Spectrometry after the in vitro exposition of these toxins to liver microsomes and hepatocytes. Information about the presence of metabolites in human samples, such as human urine after intoxication, which could also be used as potential biomarkers for diagnostic purposes, is also presented.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contribution of Mass Spectrometry to the Advances in Risk Characterization of Marine Biotoxins: Towards the Characterization of Metabolites Implied in Human Intoxications

Estevez

Gago-Martı́nez

2023

Toxins

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“…This leads to massive algal blooms (“red tides”) becoming epidemic in some water bodies [ 2 , 3 ]. Microalgae (as well as cyanobacteria) are producers of aquatic toxins which are highly toxic for humans and animals [ 4 , 5 ]. They are highly likely to enter into fish and shellfish through food chains and accumulate in them.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Sensitive Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay for the Rapid Detection of Okadaic Acid in Environmental Waters

et al. 2023

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In this study, a homogeneous fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA) for the detection of hazardous aquatic toxin okadaic acid (OA) contaminating environmental waters was for the first time developed. A conjugate of the analyte with a fluorophore based on a fluorescein derivative (tracer) was synthesized, and its interaction with specific anti-OA monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) was tested. A MAbs–tracer pair demonstrated highly affine immune binding (KD = 0.8 nM). Under optimal conditions, the limit of OA detection in the FPIA was 0.08 ng/mL (0.1 nM), and the working range of detectable concentrations was 0.4–72.5 ng/mL (0.5–90 nM). The developed FPIA was approbated for the determination of OA in real matrices: river water and seawater samples. No matrix effect of water was observed; therefore, no sample preparation was required before analysis. Due to this factor, the entire analytical procedure took less than 10 min. Using a compact portable fluorescence polarization analyzer enables the on-site testing of water samples. The developed analysis is very fast, easy to operate, and sensitive and can be extended to the determination of other aquatic toxins or low-molecular-weight water or food contaminants.

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“…Among a large number of compounds related to food contaminants, a special place belongs to phycotoxins—extremely toxic compounds produced by microalgae and cyanobacteria that are part of the plankton and benthos of the world ocean [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. Normally, algae and cyanobacteria are a necessary component of aquatic ecosystems; however, under favorable conditions, these organisms actively multiply, which leads to the so-called water bloom (for example, “red tides”) and changes in ecosystems [ 4 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cascade-Enhanced Lateral Flow Immunoassay for Sensitive Detection of Okadaic Acid in Seawater, Fish, and Seafood

Hendrickson

Zvereva

Zherdev

et al. 2022

Foods

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In this investigation, a new approach for developing a sensitive lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) was proposed for the detection of the hazardous marine toxin okadaic acid (OA). It is based on the indirect format with anti-species antibodies labeled by gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and cascade signal amplification. The latter is performed by first passing a mixture of anti-OA antibodies and a tested sample along the immunochromatographic test strip and then performing several cycles of the interaction of anti-species antibodies conjugated with AuNPs with free antibodies, which bind to anti-species antibodies but are not specific to the target analyte. As a result, branched aggregates are formed, due to which the colorimetric signal intensification occurs. The developed test system enabled the detection of OA with an instrumental detection limit of 30 pg/mL and a cutoff of 1 ng/mL, which exceeds these characteristics in the LFIA without amplification by 7 and 2 times, respectively. The OA recoveries from seawater, fish, and seafood varied from 76.9% to 126%. The test system may be required for point-of-care monitoring of samples for phycotoxin contamination; the developed principle of signal amplification can be used in cases where highly sensitive detection of trace amounts of a contaminant is required.

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Current Trends and New Challenges in Marine Phycotoxins

Cited by 28 publications

References 410 publications

Contribution of Mass Spectrometry to the Advances in Risk Characterization of Marine Biotoxins: Towards the Characterization of Metabolites Implied in Human Intoxications

Contribution of Mass Spectrometry to the Advances in Risk Characterization of Marine Biotoxins: Towards the Characterization of Metabolites Implied in Human Intoxications

A Sensitive Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay for the Rapid Detection of Okadaic Acid in Environmental Waters

Cascade-Enhanced Lateral Flow Immunoassay for Sensitive Detection of Okadaic Acid in Seawater, Fish, and Seafood

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