Currently available molecular analyses for personalized tumor therapy (Review)

Abstract

Targeted therapies are becoming more common and genetic tumor profiling is becoming more precise and affordable. The aim of the present review was to demonstrate the importance of molecular analyses in tumors, summarize the current situation, provide an outlook on how to improve diagnosis to facilitate individualized therapy, including the use of specific methodologies for tumor marker analysis to improve patient treatment. Most predicted metabolomic and proteomic biomarkers have not progressed from the laboratory to clinical trials, as most of the trials were stopped at the initial stage of biomarker identification. The use of liquid biopsies as a clinical tool improves cancer screening, diagnosis and prognosis; furthermore, is able to improve the classification of more diverse disease entities, assess therapy response and identify treatment-resistant clones, allowing for more stringent patient monitoring. Based on specific clinical populations and the unique molecular features of a cancer, the identification of a suitable targeted therapy may be accomplished. The present review provides insight into cancer genomic testing in the clinical setting and the available methods, supporting the prioritization of molecular therapeutic tumor targeting. Contents1. Introduction 2. Translating complex biomarkers into molecular diagnostics 3. Molecular markers for the selection of cancer therapy 4. Liquid biopsy and personalized therapy 5. Precision medicine trials and treatment algorithm 6. Conclusion

In vitro antioxidant and anticancer activities of Smilax corbularia extract combined with Phellinus linteus extract against breast cancer cell lines

“…In the present study, cell viability was measured after 72 h treatment with the extracted samples. The cytotoxic agent in the extracted samples may affect the molecular cell mechanisms and disturb cell division ( 47 ). Therefore, it could be hypothesized that not all surviving cells after treatment could proliferate under those conditions.…”

Antiproliferative activity and apoptosis‑inducing effects of Trametes polyzona polysaccharides against human breast cancer cells

“…Taken together, the present results indicated that CTPPs had cytotoxic activity against the viability of MCF-7 cells. The cytotoxic effects of CTPPs were probably responsible for suppressing of the proliferating cells, as a recent report demonstrated that cytotoxic drugs could disturb the process of cell division ( 47 ). Even though the results on cell proliferation were inferior compared with those in the positive control group, this was a beneficial result in terms of cancer treatment, because cell proliferation is a critical process of cell division.…”

From Cell–Cell Interaction to Stochastic and Deterministic Descriptions of a Cancer–Immune System Competition Model

“…The construction of the interaction operator I c is similar to that of I i , and the interaction operator I n has a specific term related to the effect of the normal cell reservoir. In Equation (10), the second term represents the introduction of normal cells of activity u into the system at a rate given by the consumption of normal cells k cn (u − u )H(u − u ) associated with the interaction between a cancer cell and a normal cell. The activity u of the introduced normal cell is sampled from the distribution P n (u) given in Equation ( 1).…”

“…Biological models traditionally describe the interactions between cancer and the immune system at either the molecular scale [8][9][10] or the macroscopic scale [11,12]. Typically, these models incorporate intricate interaction networks between numerous actors, such as molecules, tissues, organs, and the lymphatic and vascular systems.…”