“…Extant research proposes several methods for estimating CE , which, while analytically elegant, are generally complex and call for numerous inputs. This, in turn, has constrained the empirical examination of CE to very small samples, often individual companies, in very specific settings (e.g., Fader, Hardie, and Lee ; Gupta, Lehmann, and Stuart ; Kumar and Shah ; Lewis ; Reinartz and Kumar ; Rust, Lemon, and Zeithaml ; Silveira, de Oliveira, and Luce ; Venkatesan and Kumar ; Schulze, Skiera, and Wiesel ).…”