Cutaneous Malignant Melanomas in 57 Cats: Identification of (Amelanotic) Signet-ring and Balloon Cell Types and Verification of Their Origin by Immunohistochemistry, Electron Microscopy, and In Situ Hybridization

Linde‐Sipman, J. S. van der; Wit, Magdalena; Garderen, E. van; Molenbeek, R. F.; Velde-Zimmermann, D. van der; Weger, R. A. De

doi:10.1177/030098589703400105

Cited by 40 publications

(62 citation statements)

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“…115 Primary balloon cell melanoma in brain arising from a melanoblastic meningeal (or diffuse meningeal) nevus has been described. 116 Amelanotic balloon cell melanoma represents a common histologic variant in the spectrum of feline malignant melanoma 117 and has also been described in humans. 118 This unusual neoplasm has been reported in the choroid.…”

Section: Clinical Featuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unusual variants of malignant melanoma

2006

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A potential diagnostic pitfall in the histologic assessment of melanoma is the inability to recognize unusual melanoma variants. Of these, the more treacherous examples include the desmoplastic melanoma, the nevoid melanoma, the so-called 'minimal-deviation melanoma,' melanoma with prominent pigment synthesis or 'animal-type melanoma,' and the malignant blue nevus. Also problematic are the unusual phenotypic profiles seen in vertical growth phase melanomas; these include those tumors whose morphological peculiarities mimic cancers of nonmelanocytic lineage and those melanomas that express aberrant antigenic profiles not commonly associated with a melanocytic histogenesis. Metaplastic change in melanoma, balloon cell melanoma, signet-ring cell melanoma, myxoid melanoma, small cell melanoma and rhabdoid melanoma all have the potential to mimic metastatic and primary neoplasms of different lineage derivations. Abnormal immunohistochemical expression of CD 34, cytokeratins, epithelial membrane antigen, and smooth muscle markers as well as the deficient expression of S100 protein and melanocyte lineage-specific markers such as GP100 protein (ie HMB-45 antibody) and A103 (ie Melan-A) also present confusing diagnostic challenges. In this review, we will discuss in some detail certain of these novel clinicopathologic types of melanoma, as well as the abnormal phenotypic expressions seen in vertical growth phase melanoma. Modern Pathology (2006) 19, S41-S70. doi:10.1038/modpathol.3800516Keywords: melanoma; variants; phenotype; immunohistochemistry; morphology Desmoplastic melanoma Introduction and Clinical FeaturesDemoplastic melanoma is a rare variant of malignant melanoma first recognized in 1971.1 Desmoplastic and neurotropic melanoma may be mistaken clinically for a scar, a fibroma, a basal cell carcinoma, or a fibromatosis. Sometimes there is pronounced mucin deposition that imparts a boggy quality to the lesion. 2,3 The clinical clue to the diagnosis, when present, is cutaneous or mucosal pigmentation overlying a palpable dermal or submucosal nodule. That said, only half of desmoplastic melanomas are clinically pigmented. 3 Desmoplastic melanomas tend to occur in the head and neck area and the upper back [4][5][6][7] but are also seen in mucosal sites such as the vulva or gingiva 8 and in acral locations. Typically, they occur in older patients, with mean ages in the larger series falling into the sixth to eighth decades of life. 4,6,[9][10][11][12][13][14][15] Larger series show a male preponderance of 1.75 to 1. 15 Although any given desmoplastic melanoma can be deeply invasive, when matched for depth of invasion, they are associated with a lesser risk of metastatic disease than conventional melanomas of similar depth. The classical clinical finding is that of a pale or fleshy firm nodule reminiscent of a scar, which tends to delay clinical diagnosis and biopsy. Carlson et al,6 who reported an equal distribution in men and women, found most tumors to be located in the head and neck area (75%) and to be nonpigment...

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Section: Clinical Featuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unusual variants of malignant melanoma

2006

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“…Dutta et al [2] reported an amelanotic malignant melanoma on the cervical skin of a ground squirrel. Although considered to be absent in canine and feline melanomas [10,16], cytokeratin has been observed in human malignant melanomas [4]. Our report describes a case of malignant melanoma of the eyelid skin in a red squirrel, in which cytokeratin immunoreactivity was detected.…”

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confidence: 76%

“…Sci. 64(3): 261-264, 2002 Malignant melanoma of the eyelid has been reported in dogs [8], cats [16] and man [11]. Dutta et al [2] reported an amelanotic malignant melanoma on the cervical skin of a ground squirrel.…”

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Malignant Melanoma of the Eyelid in a Red Squirrel(Sciurus vulgaris orientis).

Fukui¹,

Bando²,

Kosuge³

et al. 2002

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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ABSTRACT. A 6-year-old male red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris orientis) developed bilateral tumors of upper and lower eyelids. The tumors in the left lid recurred despite surgical removal. Necropsy revealed metastasis to the lung. The neoplastic cells were epithelioid and highly pleomorphic, and only a few cells contained melanin granules. Occasionally melanoma cells were immunoreactive for S100, neuron-specific enolase and vimentin, and a small number of cells for cytokeratin. Ultrastructurally, the presence of premelanosomes was confirmed in the cytoplasm. Possible presence of cytokeratin-positive neoplastic melanocytes should be taken into account when differentiating a nonpigmented epithelioid melanoma from other tumors such as anaplastic carcinomas.KEY WORDS: cytokeratin, malignant melanoma, squirrel.J. Vet. Med. Sci. 64(3): 261-264, 2002 Malignant melanoma of the eyelid has been reported in dogs [8], cats [16] and man [11]. Dutta et al. [2] reported an amelanotic malignant melanoma on the cervical skin of a ground squirrel. Although considered to be absent in canine and feline melanomas [10,16], cytokeratin has been observed in human malignant melanomas [4]. Our report describes a case of malignant melanoma of the eyelid skin in a red squirrel, in which cytokeratin immunoreactivity was detected.A 6-year-old, male red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris orientis) had a 1-year history of right palpebral tumor masses and a 4-month history of left ones. Both upper and lower lids were involved, and the tumor of the upper left lid was excised for histological examination. The other three tumors were removed 12 days later. Because of corneal ulceration, the right eye was enucleated 8 days later. Recurrent tumors on the upper and lower lids of the left eye were excised 22 days after eye extirpation, but a recurrence was detected on the left lower lid and surgery was performed 14 days later. The left eye was removed owing to corneal ulceration 19 days after surgery, and the animal died the next day. The excised tumors were white and homogeneous, and ranged from 1.5 to 1.0 cm in diameter. At necropsy, a 5 mm diameter white lesion was detected in the lung.Surgically resected eyelid tumors and necropsied tissues were fixed in 10% buffered formalin and processed according to routine histological techniques. Paraffin sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) and MassonFontana stains. Selected paraffin sections were stained by immunoperoxidase techniques using polyclonal antibodies to S100 protein (Nichirei, Tokyo, Japan), neuron-specific enolase (NSE) (Lipshaw, Detroit, U.S.A.) and cytokeratin (BioGenex Laboratories, San Ramon, U.S.A.) and a monoclonal antibody to vimentin (Dako, Carpinteria, U.S.A.). A universal kit was used in the subsequent processes. Small pieces taken from formalin-fixed tissues were post-fixed in osmium tetroxide and embedded in epoxy resin. Thin sections were mounted on copper grids, stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate, and examined with a transmission electron microscope.The tumors e...

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“…12 Mixtures of signet-ring and epithelioid-type cells have been reported in dogs and cats. 8,25 Divergent differentiations as reported in human malignant melanomas such as fibroblastic or myofibroblastic, Schwannian and perineurial, smooth muscle, rhabdomyosarcomatous, osteocartilaginous, ganglionic and ganglioneuroblastic, neuroendocrine, and epithelial are not clearly distinguished as such in the WHO DA. 3,12 In our case, myofibroblastic differentiation as opposed to proliferation of reactive stromal myofibroblasts was supported by histologic features such as anisokaryosis and anisocytosis of these cells, the appearance of very plump spindle cells suggesting they may represent intermediate cells between signet-ring and spindle cells, and the overall irregularity in which spindle cells interweave between signet-ring cells that is not typical for stromal cells (Fig.…”

Section: Research-article2016mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…8,17,25 Electron microscopy revealed that the signet-ring cell morphology is caused by numerous aggregates of vimentin-positive intermediate filaments. 1,23,25 Comparable to previous canine and feline studies, the presented tumor was amelanotic, confirmed by negative Fontana staining, which made the diagnosis of melanoma even more difficult and strengthened the need for expression pattern analysis of the tumor cells. 8,25 All feline and canine signet-ring cell melanomas reported to date were positive for vimentin, S100, and NSE; however, melan A was not tested or only present in 1 canine case.…”

Section: Research-article2016mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cutaneous amelanotic signet-ring cell malignant melanoma with interspersed myofibroblastic differentiation in a young cat

Hirz

Herden

2016

J VET Diagn Invest

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Abstract. The diagnosis of malignant melanoma can be difficult because these tumors can be amelanotic and may contain diverse variants and divergent differentiations, of which the signet-ring cell subtype is very rare and has only been described in humans, dogs, cats, and a hamster. We describe herein histopathologic and immunohistochemical approaches taken to diagnose a case of signet-ring cell malignant melanoma with myofibroblastic differentiation in a cat. A tumor within the abdominal skin of a 2-year-old cat was composed of signet-ring cells and irregularly interwoven streams of spindle cells. Both neoplastic cell types were periodic-acid-Schiff, Fontana, and Sudan black B negative. Signet-ring cells strongly expressed vimentin and S100 protein. Spindle cells strongly expressed vimentin and smooth muscle actin; some cells expressed S100, moderately neuron-specific enolase, and others variably actin and desmin. A few round cells expressed melan A, and a few plump spindle cells expressed melan A and PNL2, confirming the diagnosis of amelanotic signet-ring cell malignant melanoma with myofibroblastic differentiation in a cat. Differential diagnoses were excluded, including signet-ring cell forms of adenocarcinomas, lymphomas, liposarcomas, leiomyosarcomas, squamous cell carcinomas, basal cell carcinomas, and adnexal tumors.

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Cutaneous Malignant Melanomas in 57 Cats: Identification of (Amelanotic) Signet-ring and Balloon Cell Types and Verification of Their Origin by Immunohistochemistry, Electron Microscopy, and In Situ Hybridization

Cited by 40 publications

References 32 publications

Unusual variants of malignant melanoma

Unusual variants of malignant melanoma

Malignant Melanoma of the Eyelid in a Red Squirrel(Sciurus vulgaris orientis).

Cutaneous amelanotic signet-ring cell malignant melanoma with interspersed myofibroblastic differentiation in a young cat

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