Cuticle architecture and mechanical properties: a functional relationship delineated through correlated multimodal imaging

Abstract

Cuticle are multifunctional hydrophobic biocomposites that protect aerial organs of plants. Along plant development, plant cuticle must accommodate different mechanical constraints combining extensibility and stiffness, the corresponding structure-function relationships are unknown. Recent data showed a fine architectural tuning of the cuticle architecture and the corresponding chemical clusters along fruit development which raise the question of their impact on the mechanical properties of the cuticle. We investigated the in-depth nanomechanical properties of tomato fruit cuticle from early development to ripening, in relation to chemical and structural heterogeneities by developing a correlative multimodal imaging approach. Unprecedented sharps heterogeneities were evidenced with the highlighting of an in-depth mechanical gradient and a soft central furrow that were maintained throughout the plant development despite the overall increase in elastic modulus. In addition, we demonstrated that these local mechanical areas are correlated to chemical and structural gradients. This study shed light on a fine tuning of mechanical properties of cuticle through the modulation of their architecture, providing new insight for our understanding of structure-function relationships of plant cuticle and for the design of biosinpired material.