Cyber-Physical System for Energy-Efficient Stadium Operation

Abstract

The environmental impacts of medium to large scale buildings receive substantial attention in research, industry, and media. This paper studies the energy savings potential of a commercial soccer stadium during day-to-day operation. Buildings of this kind are characterized by special purpose system installations like grass heating systems and by event-driven usage patterns. This work presents a methodology to holistically analyze the stadium's characteristics and integrate its existing instrumentation into a Cyber-Physical System, enabling to deploy different control strategies flexibly. In total, seven different strategies for controlling the studied stadium's grass heating system are developed and tested in operation. Experiments in winter season 2014/2015 validated the strategies' impacts within the real operational setup of the Commerzbank Arena, Frankfurt, Germany. With 95% confidence, these experiments saved up to 66% of median daily weather-normalized energy consumption. Extrapolated to an average heating season, this corresponds to savings of 775 MWh and 148 t of CO 2 emissions. In winter 2015/2016 an additional predictive nighttime heating experiment targeted lower temperatures, which increased the savings to up to 85%, equivalent to 1 GWh (197 t CO 2 ) in an average winter. Beyond achieving significant energy savings, the different control strategies also met the target temperature levels to the satisfaction of the stadium's operational staff. While the case study constitutes a significant part, the discussions dedicated to the transferability of this work to other stadiums and other building types show that the concepts and the approach are of general nature. Furthermore, this work demonstrates the first successful application of Deep Belief Networks to regress and predict the thermal evolution of building systems.

Energy-Saving Benefits of Air-Source Heat Pump-Assisted Solar Water Heating Systems in Large Stadiums

“…In order to make the development of stadiums keep pace with the times, he analyzed the possibility of commercialization of stadiums from the perspective of economics [6]. Schmidt et al [7] pointed out that the environmental impact of large and medium-sized buildings is enormous. To this end, they used a different approach to analyzing the environment of the stadium [7].…”

“…Schmidt et al [7] pointed out that the environmental impact of large and medium-sized buildings is enormous. To this end, they used a different approach to analyzing the environment of the stadium [7]. Lyubimova et al [8] discussed the possibility of increasing the efficiency of the use of sports stadiums.…”

Performance and energy optimization of building automation and management systems: Towards smart sustainable carbon-neutral sports facilities

“…O.1. Implementations for performance improvement: In [78], using deep belief networks, a study was presented to optimize the control strategies for energy saving. While in [76], energy savings potentials for the grass heating system of a football stadium were evaluated using statistical analysis tools.…”