Cyberattacks and public opinion – The effect of uncertainty in guiding preferences

Jardine, Eric; Porter, Nathaniel; Shandler, Ryan

doi:10.1177/00223433231218178

Cited by 8 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 68 publications

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“…By having accurate and relevant information, public opinion can help people make wiser and rational decisions, as well as influence policies and decisions taken by governments and other organizations. In addition, public opinion can also influence the culture and values of society, as well as strengthen or influence social and political changes that occur (Jardine et al, 2024;Rhee et al, 2024). In modern society, public opinion also has an important role in influencing business and financial decisions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Public Opinion Formation in the Digital Age : A Review of Literature

Diah Fatma Sjoraida,

Bucky Wibawa Karya Guna,

Aat Ruchiat Nungraha

et al. 2024

IJEET

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The digital age has brought significant changes in the way people access and process information. Social media and other online platforms have become a major source of information and public opinion. This study aims to review the literature on public opinion formation in the digital age. This study uses the literature review method to analyze literature relevant to the research topic. A literature review shows that the digital age has had a significant impact on the formation of public opinion. Social media and other online platforms have become the primary means for individuals to access information, share ideas, and exchange opinions. This has led to changes in the way public opinion is formed and disseminated. The formation of public opinion in the digital age is a complex and dynamic phenomenon. Social media and other online platforms have an important role to play in shaping public opinion. A better understanding of the process of forming public opinion in the digital age is needed to develop effective communication strategies and build a more democratic society.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Public Opinion Formation in the Digital Age : A Review of Literature

Diah Fatma Sjoraida,

Bucky Wibawa Karya Guna,

Aat Ruchiat Nungraha

et al. 2024

IJEET

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Fear over facts: how preconceptions explain perceptions of threat following cyberattacks

Dor,

Shandler,

Gomez

et al. 2024

Journal of Information Technology & Politics

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How the process of discovering cyberattacks biases our understanding of cybersecurity

Oppenheimer

2024

Journal of Peace Research

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Social scientists do not directly study cyberattacks; they draw inferences from attack reports that are public and visible. Like human rights violations or war casualties, there are missing cyberattacks that researchers have not observed. The existing approach is to either ignore missing data and assume they do not exist or argue that reported attacks accurately represent the missing events. This article is the first to detail the steps between attack, discovery and public report to identify sources of bias in cyber data. Visibility bias presents significant inferential challenges for cybersecurity – some attacks are easy to observe or claimed by attackers, while others take a long time to surface or are carried out by actors seeking to hide their actions. The article argues that missing attacks in public reporting likely share features of reported attacks that take the longest to surface. It builds on datasets of cyberattacks by or against Five Eyes (an intelligence alliance composed of Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States) governments and adds new data on when attacks occurred, when the media first reported them, and the characteristics of attackers and techniques. Leveraging survival models, it demonstrates how the delay between attack and disclosure depends on both the attacker’s identity (state or non-state) and the technical characteristics of the attack (whether it targets information confidentiality, integrity, or availability). The article argues that missing cybersecurity events are least likely to be carried out by non-state actors or target information availability. Our understanding of ‘persistent engagement,’ relative capabilities, ‘intelligence contests’ and cyber coercion rely on accurately measuring restraint. This article’s findings cast significant doubt on whether researchers have accurately measured and observed restraint, and informs how others should consider external validity. This article has implications for our understanding of data bias, empirical cybersecurity research and secrecy in international relations.

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Cyberattacks and public opinion – The effect of uncertainty in guiding preferences

Cited by 8 publications

References 68 publications

Public Opinion Formation in the Digital Age : A Review of Literature

Public Opinion Formation in the Digital Age : A Review of Literature

Fear over facts: how preconceptions explain perceptions of threat following cyberattacks

How the process of discovering cyberattacks biases our understanding of cybersecurity

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