Cyclic mechanical behavior of 316L: Uniaxial LCF and strain-controlled ratcheting tests

Characterization and modeling of the ratcheting behavior of the ferritic–martensitic steel P91

“… Austenitic steels such as 316L [9][10][11], 316LN [12], 304 [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20], 304L [21], 304LN [22] (304L means "low carbon", 304LN means "low carbon and high nitrogen" [23]);  Ferritic steels [24][25][26][27][28];  Carbon steels (CS) 40Cr [29], 42CrMo [18,30,31], 16MnR [32], X42 and X56 [33], 20 CS [34,35], 45 CS [36];  Other steels such as SA333C-Mn steels [37], Interstitial-Free Steel [38];  Other metallic materials, such as zirconium alloys [39], pure titanium [40], titanium alloys [41], NiTi shape memory alloy [42,43];  Ceramic matrix composites [44]; and  Polymers such as polytetrafluoroethylenes (PTFE) [45], polypropylene [46], polyacetal/polyoxymethylene [47], epoxy resin [48] etc.…”

“…Although ratcheting tests are supposed to be performed under stress-controlled cyclic loading, strain-controlled ratcheting tests were also performed [9,10], which are known as "cyclic tension tests". The imposed strain was a combination of an alternate strain and a mean strain, as shown in Fig.…”

“…Such strain-controlled ratcheting tests were performed on AISI 316L austenitic stainless steel at RT and 200 °C [10]. It was found that the material response was characterized by an additional hardening and a non-zero , and the authors suggested that the response was a superposition of two mechanisms: a cyclic one (hardening corresponding to LCF behavior) and a monotonic one (hardening owing to drifting of the ).…”

“…(2-15) was changed into( ) ̇ in eq. (2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19). This model proposed in [51] can be referred to as the Kang model, which was employed in [30] to simulate uniaxial ratcheting of 42CrMo steel and in [65] to study uniaxial ratcheting and to predict multiaxial ratcheting of SiC p /6061Al composites.…”

Multiaxial and non-proportional microstructure-sensitive fatigue crack nucleation

“…Many engineering structures are subjected to repeated thermal and mechanical loadings in service, hence fatigue is a common problem and its evaluation remains one of the major considerations in the design and reliability assessment of materials [1,2]. For many cases, fatigue failure results from complex multiaxial loadings such as non-proportional and out-of-phase loads; that is, the corresponding principal stresses change direction and their ratios change during a cycle in such loadings [3][4][5][6].…”