Cyclospora cayetanensis

Chacín-Bonilla, Leonor

doi:10.14321/waterpathogens.32

Cited by 14 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 139 publications

(321 reference statements)

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“…Initially identified endemic areas were Haiti, Guatemala, Peru and Nepal, where the first outbreaks were reported. Currently, endemic areas are considered to be Central and South America, several countries in the Middle East (Egypt, Turkey), the Indian subcontinent with Nepal, and South East Asia, including Indonesia [18,38,39].…”

Section: Transmission and Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cyclospora cayetanensis and Cyclosporiasis: An Update

2019

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Cyclospora cayetanensis is a coccidian parasite of humans, with a direct fecal–oral transmission cycle. It is globally distributed and an important cause of foodborne outbreaks of enteric disease in many developed countries, mostly associated with the consumption of contaminated fresh produce. Because oocysts are excreted unsporulated and need to sporulate in the environment, direct person-to-person transmission is unlikely. Infection by C. cayetanensis is remarkably seasonal worldwide, although it varies by geographical regions. Most susceptible populations are children, foreigners, and immunocompromised patients in endemic countries, while in industrialized countries, C. cayetanensis affects people of any age. The risk of infection in developed countries is associated with travel to endemic areas and the domestic consumption of contaminated food, mainly fresh produce imported from endemic regions. Water and soil contaminated with fecal matter may act as a vehicle of transmission for C. cayetanensis infection. The disease is self-limiting in most immunocompetent patients, but it may present as a severe, protracted or chronic diarrhea in some cases, and may colonize extra-intestinal organs in immunocompromised patients. Trimetoprim-sulfamethoxazole is the antibiotic of choice for the treatment of cyclosporiasis, but relapses may occur. Further research is needed to understand many unknown epidemiological aspects of this parasitic disease. Here, we summarize the biology, epidemiology, outbreaks, clinical symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, control and prevention of C. cayetanensis; additionally, we outline future research needs for this parasite.

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Section: Transmission and Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are likely be unknown risk factors, particularly in endemic areas, where studies have been skewed towards those with clinical symptoms [39].…”

Section: Transmission and Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Cyclospora cayetanensis and Cyclosporiasis: An Update

2019

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“…Cyclosporiasis is normally self-limiting although the course of the infection can be more severe in immunosuppressed patients (6,7). Humans may become infected with C. cayetanensis by consuming fresh produce or water contaminated with sporulated oocysts of the parasite (8,9).…”

Section: Downloaded Frommentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Foodborne cyclosporiasis is becoming a significant public health concern in food production, and agricultural water could play a role as a vehicle for contamination of fresh produce (6,15). The potential use of contaminated water for agricultural purposes poses a serious threat to millions of people worldwide (4).…”

Section: Downloaded Frommentioning

confidence: 99%

Dead-End Ultrafiltration and DNA-Based Methods for Detection of Cyclospora cayetanensis in Agricultural Water

Durigan

Murphy

Silva

2020

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Cyclospora cayetanensis is a protozoan parasite that causes foodborne and waterborne diarrheal illness outbreaks worldwide. Most of these outbreaks are associated with consumption of fresh produce. Sensitive and specific methods to detect C. cayetanensis in agricultural water are needed to identify the parasite in agricultural water used to irrigate crops that have been implicated in outbreaks. In this study, a method to detect C. cayetanensis in water by combining dead-end ultrafiltration (DEUF) with sensitive and specific molecular detection was developed and evaluated. Triplicates of 10-L agricultural water samples were seeded with 200, 100, 25, 12, and 6 C. cayetanensis oocysts. Surface water samples were also collected in the Mid-Atlantic region. All water samples were processed by DEUF and backflushed from the ultrafilters. DNA was extracted from concentrated samples and analyzed by a qPCR targeting the C. cayetanensis 18S rRNA gene. All water samples seeded with 12, 25, 100 and 200 oocysts were positive and all unseeded samples were negative. Samples seeded with 6 oocysts had a detection rate of 66.6% (8/12). The method was also able to detect C. cayetanensis isolates in surface water samples from different locations of the C&O canal in Maryland. This approach could consistently detect C. cayetanensis DNA in 10L agricultural water samples contaminated with low levels of oocysts, equivalent to the levels that may be found in naturally incurred environmental water sources. Our data demonstrates the robustness of the method as a useful tool to detect C. cayetanensis from environmental sources. IMPORTANCE Cyclospora cayetanensis is a protozoan parasite that causes foodborne and waterborne outbreaks of diarrheal illness worldwide. These foodborne outbreaks associated with consumption of fresh produce and agricultural water could play a role in the contamination process. In this study, a method to detect C. cayetanensis in agricultural water by combining a robust filtration system with sensitive and specific molecular detection was developed and validated by the FDA. The results showed that this approach could consistently detect low levels of C. cayetanensis contamination in 10L agricultural water, corresponding to the levels that may be found in naturally occurring environmental water sources. The method was also able to detect C. cayetanensis in surface water samples from a specific location in the Mid-Atlantic region. Our data demonstrates the robustness of the method to detect C. cayetanensis in agricultural water samples, which could be very useful to identify environmental sources of contamination.

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“…Epidemiological investigations indicated that some of the cases were linked to prepackaged vegetable trays sold at a convenience store chain and salads sold at a fast-food chain (Casillas et al, 2018). Previous outbreaks of cyclosporiasis have been commonly associated with imported contaminated raspberries, cilantro, basil, mesclun lettuce, and snow peas (Chacin-Bonilla, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A New Protocol for Molecular Detection of Cyclospora cayetanensis as Contaminants of Berry Fruits

2019

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Cyclospora cayetanensis is a coccidian parasite that is associated with foodborne outbreaks of gastrointestinal illnesses. Raspberries have been implicated as a vehicle of infection in some of these outbreaks. Most of the molecular techniques used for the detection of parasites commonly use the 18s rRNA as a target gene, which is highly conserved. The conserved nature of the 18s rRNA gene among coccidia means that there is potential for cross-reactivity from primers intended to target this gene in C. cayetanensis with the same gene in related coccidia. This provides an additional challenge in developing a specific detection method. The aim of this study is to develop a new, more specific assay to detect C. cayetanensis in berry fruits. This new assay, targeting the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS-1) region, was tested on three different berry matrices: raspberries, blueberries, and strawberries. The new assay showed good efficiency (102%), linearity ( r 2 = 0.999), repeatability (standard deviation of C q 0.2 (95% CI: 0.2, 0.3) and specificity for Cyclospora , with no cross-reactivity with related coccidia ( Toxoplasma gondii, Eimeria mitis, Cystoisospora canis , and Cryptosporidium parvum ) when tested in vitro . The method development was initially conducted using Cyclospora DNA only. After it was confirmed to have an acceptable performance, the method was evaluated using the oocysts of C. cayetanensis . The method was also improved by incorporating an internal control as a duplex in order to monitor PCR inhibition due to sample matrix components. The duplex assay also showed a good efficiency (100%) and linearity ( r 2 = 0.99). The results showed that the new assay has potential for standard use in food testing laboratories. Furthermore, results regarding important factors related to assay robustness are discussed.

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Cyclospora cayetanensis

Cited by 14 publications

References 139 publications

Cyclospora cayetanensis and Cyclosporiasis: An Update

Cyclospora cayetanensis and Cyclosporiasis: An Update

Dead-End Ultrafiltration and DNA-Based Methods for Detection of Cyclospora cayetanensis in Agricultural Water

A New Protocol for Molecular Detection of Cyclospora cayetanensis as Contaminants of Berry Fruits

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