Cytokine and growth factor profiling in patients with the metabolic syndrome

Abstract

The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is associated with a pro-inflammatory milieu that may partially account for its association with an increased cardiovascular risk. We aimed to (1) evaluate the serum concentrations of twelve cytokines and growth factors (epidermal growth factor (EGF), interferon-g (IFN-g), IL-1a/-1b/-2/-4/-6/-8/-10, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), TNF-a and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)) in 303 individuals with or without the MetS; and (2) explore their relationship with the presence of the MetS. Patients with the MetS had significantly higher serum concentrations of IFN-g, EGF, IL-1a/-1b/-2/-4/-6/-8/-10, MCP-1 and TNF-a, whilst serum VEGF concentrations were markedly lower compared with the control group (e.g. 38·55 v. 82·18 pg/ml; P, 0·05). Amongst these parameters, IFN-g and IL-1a emerged as the most significant independent predictors of the MetS. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that patients with the MetS had an altered blood cytokine and growth factor profile that may partially account for its adverse clinical outcomes. Further prospective studies in larger multi-centre settings are required to unravel the role and association of the emerging biomarkers with the MetS and their implication in therapeutic intervention.

CCL2 level is elevated with metabolic syndrome and CXCL10 level is correlated with visceral fat area in obese children

“…These findings were consistent with those in previous reports in adults [13,16]. Moreover, the serum concentrations of CXCL10 were significantly correlated with obesityrelated metabolic abnormalities.…”

“…Ito et al showed that CC motif ligand 2 (CCL2, monocyte chemoattractant protein; MCP-1)/ CC motif receptor 2 (CCR2) pathway plays a role in macrophage infiltration into obese adipose tissue and obesity-related MS [12]. Previous studies [13][14][15] reported that the levels of CCL5 are elevated in obese adults with MS. Additionally, Faber et al reported that CXC motif chemokine 10 (CXCL10, interferon gamma-induced protein 10; IP-10) was related to VAT accumulation in adults [16]. Accumulating evidence suggests that these chemokines play important roles in the formation of MS in adult.…”

Intra-individual variability and circadian rhythm of vascular endothelial growth factors in subjects with normal glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes

“…This confirms previous studies showing that well-controlled diabetes is not associated with increased levels of VEGF [23,24]. Moreover, others and we have shown previously that serum VEGF-A increases with increasing HbA1c [8,11].…”

“…In line with our results, CTAD plasma VEGF-A levels were lowest, followed by PECT- and EDTA-plasma. Moreover, we and others confirmed earlier that serum VEGF-A levels are largely higher relative to plasma levels in patients with type 1 and 2 diabetes, metabolic vascular syndrome, different malignancies and rheumatoid arthritis [4,8,9,11,23,24,26–29]. …”

Metabolic syndrome in relation to Barrett⿿s esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma: Results from a large population-based case-control study in the Clinical Practice Research Datalink

“…The proinflammatory effects of excess adipose tissue are a hallmark of MetS 12 , which itself is a cluster of metabolic disorders that includes abdominal obesity, hypertension, lowered high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, elevated triglycerides, and elevated fasting glucose 13 . MetS is a better predictor of total mortality than its individual components 14 , and may increase the risk of BE 15–18 and EA 19 .…”