Cytokine elevation in the mouse small intestine at the early stage of          infection with the gastrointestinal parasite &lt;i&gt;Heligmosomoides          polygyrus&lt;/i&gt;

Niimi, Kanae; Morimoto, Motoko

doi:10.1292/jvms.20-0498

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Tissue-dwelling nematodes, on the other hand, follow different survival strategies. For instance, H. polygyrus penetrates the epithelium and submucosa of the small intestine before embedding in the smooth muscle tissue and returning to the lumen around 8 dpi (69). Although anti-parasite responses are formed early after infection, peaks of type 2 cytokines are observed at day 8 dpi.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ascaris suum infection in juvenile pigs elicits a local Th2 response in a setting of ongoing Th1 expansion

Oser,

Midha,

Schlosser-Brandenburg

et al. 2024

Front. Immunol.

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Ascaris spp. undergo extensive migration within the body before establishing patent infections in the small intestinal tract of humans and pigs. However, whether larval migration is critical for inducing efficient type 2 responses remains poorly understood. Therefore, we investigated systemic versus local adaptive immune responses along the hepato-tracheal migration of Ascaris suum during primary, single infections in conventionally raised pigs. Neither the initial invasion of gut tissue nor migration through the liver resulted in discernable Th2 cell responses. In contrast, lung-stage larvae elicited a Th2-biased pulmonary response, which declined after the larvae had left the lungs. In the small intestine, we observed an accumulation of Th2 cells upon the arrival of fourth-stage larvae (L4) to the small intestinal lumen. In parallel, we noticed robust and increasing Th1 responses in circulation, migration-affected organs, and draining lymph nodes. Phenotypic analysis of CD4+ T cells specifically recognizing A. suum antigens in the circulation and lung tissue of infected pigs confirmed that the majority of Ascaris-specific T cells produced IL-4 (Th2) and, to a much lesser extent, IL-4/IFN-g (Th2/1 hybrids) or IFN-g alone (Th1). These data demonstrate that lung-stage but not the early liver-stage larvae lead to a locally restricted Th2 response. Significant Th2 cell accumulation in the small intestine occurs only when L4 complete the body migration. In addition, Th2 immunity seems to be hampered by the concurrent, nonspecific Th1 bias in growing pigs. Together, the late onset of Th2 immunity at the site of infection and the Th1-biased systemic immunity likely enable the establishment of intestinal infections by sufficiently large L4 stages and pre-adult worms, some of which resist expulsion mechanisms.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ascaris suum infection in juvenile pigs elicits a local Th2 response in a setting of ongoing Th1 expansion

Oser,

Midha,

Schlosser-Brandenburg

et al. 2024

Front. Immunol.

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“…However, it has been demonstrated that excessive production of cytokines contributes to the pathophysiology of a range of diseases [22]. During infection, the rapid initiation of an appropriate immune response and the induction of specific immune cells and molecules is important for the elimination of pathogens [23]. It has been reported earlier that the expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines, mainly IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, in the intestinal mucosa of IBD patients were found to be markedly enhanced [24].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Change in intestinal alkaline phosphatase activity is a hallmark of antibiotic-induced intestinal dysbiosis

Dissanayake,

Chandanee,

Lee

et al. 2023

Anim Biosci

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Objective: Intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) maintains intestinal homeostasis by detoxifying bacterial endotoxins and regulating gut microbiota, and lipid absorption. Antibiotics administered to animals can cause gut dysbiosis and barrier disruption affecting animal health. Therefore, the present study sought to investigate the role of IAP in the intestinal environment in dysbiosis.Methods: Young male mice aged 9 weeks were administered a high dose of antibiotics to induce dysbiosis. They were then sacrificed after 4 weeks to collect the serum and intestinal organs. The IAP activity in the ileum and the level of cytokines in the serum samples were measured. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis of RNA from the intestinal samples was performed using primers for tight junction proteins (TJPs) and proinflammatory cytokines. The relative intensity of IAP and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in intestinal samples was evaluated by western blotting.Results: The IAP activity was significantly lower in the ileum samples of the dysbiosisinduced group compared to the control. The interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha concentrations were significantly higher in the ileum samples of the dysbiosis-induced group. The RNA expression levels of TJP2, claudin-3, and claudin-11 showed significantly lower values in the intestinal samples from the dysbiosis-induced mice. Results from western blotting revealed that the intensity of IAP expression was significantly lower in the ileum samples of the dysbiosis-induced group, while the intensity of TLR4 expression was significantly higher compared to that of the control group without dysbiosis.Conclusion: The IAP activity and relative mRNA expression of the TJPs decreased, while the levels of proinflammatory cytokines increased, which can affect intestinal integrity and the function of the intestinal epithelial cells. This suggests that IAP is involved in mediating the intestinal environment in dysbiosis induced by antibiotics and is an enzyme that can potentially be used to maintain the intestinal environment in animal health care.

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“…The host innate immune response is the body’s first line of defense against pathogens [ 1 , 2 ]. Human innate immune receptors recognize conserved signatures on pathogens known as pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), which are important signaling molecules released by pathogens during infection [ 3 , 4 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Correlating transcription and protein expression profiles of immune biomarkers following lipopolysaccharide exposure in lung epithelial cells

Jacobsen,

Montoya,

Llewellyn

et al. 2024

PLoS ONE

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Universal and early recognition of pathogens occurs through recognition of evolutionarily conserved pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by innate immune receptors and the consequent secretion of cytokines and chemokines. The intrinsic complexity of innate immune signaling and associated signal transduction challenges our ability to obtain physiologically relevant, reproducible and accurate data from experimental systems. One of the reasons for the discrepancy in observed data is the choice of measurement strategy. Immune signaling is regulated by the interplay between pathogen-derived molecules with host cells resulting in cellular expression changes. However, these cellular processes are often studied by the independent assessment of either the transcriptome or the proteome. Correlation between transcription and protein analysis is lacking in a variety of studies. In order to methodically evaluate the correlation between transcription and protein expression profiles associated with innate immune signaling, we measured cytokine and chemokine levels following exposure of human cells to the PAMP lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from the Gram-negative pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Expression of 84 messenger RNA (mRNA) transcripts and 69 proteins, including 35 overlapping targets, were measured in human lung epithelial cells. We evaluated 50 biological replicates to determine reproducibility of outcomes. Following pairwise normalization, 16 mRNA transcripts and 6 proteins were significantly upregulated following LPS exposure, while only five (CCL2, CSF3, CXCL5, CXCL8/IL8, and IL6) were upregulated in both transcriptomic and proteomic analysis. This lack of correlation between transcription and protein expression data may contribute to the discrepancy in the immune profiles reported in various studies. The use of multiomic assessments to achieve a systems-level understanding of immune signaling processes can result in the identification of host biomarker profiles for a variety of infectious diseases and facilitate countermeasure design and development.

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Cytokine elevation in the mouse small intestine at the early stage of infection with the gastrointestinal parasite <i>Heligmosomoides polygyrus</i>

Cited by 3 publications

References 25 publications

Ascaris suum infection in juvenile pigs elicits a local Th2 response in a setting of ongoing Th1 expansion

Ascaris suum infection in juvenile pigs elicits a local Th2 response in a setting of ongoing Th1 expansion

Change in intestinal alkaline phosphatase activity is a hallmark of antibiotic-induced intestinal dysbiosis

Correlating transcription and protein expression profiles of immune biomarkers following lipopolysaccharide exposure in lung epithelial cells

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