Cytokine Gene Polymorphisms Associate with Microbiogical Agents in Periodontal Disease: Our Experience

Abstract

Periodontics has evolved from a simplistic model to a more complex interplay between infection and host response. Genetic factors have been a new addition to the list of risk factors for periodontal diseases. The processes leading to destruction and regeneration of the destroyed tissues are of great interest to both researchers and clinicians.The selective susceptibility of subjects for periodontitis has remained an enigma and wide varieties of risk factors have been implicated for the manifestation and progression of periodontitis. Emerging pathway models suggest that gene-environment interactions are etiologically important in disease pathogenesis. The current practical utility of genetic knowledge in periodontitis is limited.Allelic variants at multiple gene loci probably influence periodontitis susceptibility. The pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 (IL-1) is a key modulator of host responses to microbial infection and a major modulator of extracellular matrix catabolism and bone resorption, and polymorphisms in the IL-1 gene cluster have been associated with an increased risk of developing severe adult periodontitis.The aim of this study was to test if polymorphisms of genes of IL-1α+4845 and IL-1β +3954 were linked with periodontitis, in a case-control study population, delimited to a specific geographic area, in association with microbiological findings.The polymorphisms observed in IL-1α+4845 and IL-1β+3954 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), was significantly different among the study groups (healthy controls, mild, moderate and severe periodontitis with p<0.05, d.f.=1.We found a significant correlation between the severe form of periodontitis and the presence of composite genotype (p < 0.05, d.f.=1, calculated among healthy vs. severe). Furthermore a statistically significant association between the presence of bacteria and periodontitis was detected (p<0.05, d.f.=1). In the current investigation findings were concordant with literature observations.

Chronic Periodontitis and Immunity, Towards the Implementation of a Personalized Medicine: A Translational Research on Gene Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) Linked to Chronic Oral Dysbiosis in 96 Caucasian Patients

“…Complete examinations of soft and hard oral tissues were performed on all patients. Exclusion criteria from the study were: diseases of the oral hard or soft tissues, except caries and periodontal disease; presence/use of orthodontic appliances; need of pre-medication for dental treatment; use of antibiotics for the preceding six-month period; pregnancy or lactation; inability or unwillingness to sign informed consent; history of diabetes; HIV positive; immunosuppressive chemotherapy; and history of any disease known to severely compromise immune function [18].…”

“…All data from clinical and radiographic evaluation were collected into a dedicated periodontal folder. The periodontal probe (PCP15 -HuFriedy, Chicago, IL, USA) was inserted parallel to the vertical axis of the tooth and "walked" circumferentially clockwise around each surface of the tooth, to detect the area of deepest penetration (inclusion criteria: bleeding on probing and probing depth exceeding 3 mm) [18]. Our study recruited only Italian Caucasian subjects, and none of them had a history of diabetes mellitus or current manifestation of systemic diseases, which correlates with destructive periodontal disease.…”

“…Of note, P. gingivalis showed the capacity of inhibiting leukocyte recruitment in two relatively simple ways: first, by invading epithelial cells by secreting an NF-kB p65 inhibitor, known as serine phosphatase (SerB), and, secondly, by acting on endothelial cells in concert with other bacteria, this mechanism inhibits the up-regulation of E-selectin which consequently blocks the leukocyte adhesion and transmigration cascade [17,18]. It is crucial to understand that pathogens are also extremely competitive and many of them can take advantage on host immune surveillance, the majority is also able to communicate with the central nervous system for their own better survival condition.…”

Association between IL-1α rs17561 and IL-1β rs1143634 polymorphisms and periodontitis: a meta-analysis

“…After application of the inclusion criteria, six (Ferreira Jr. et al, 2008;Karasneh et al, 2011;Shibani et al, 2011;Al-hebshi et al, 2012;Masamatti et al, 2012;Cantore et al, 2014) were included in the meta-analysis, with 726 being excluded. A flow chart illustrating the study selection process is shown in Figure 1.…”

Identification of Periopathogenes from Dental Plaque in Periodontal Patients with PCR Technique and Their Association with Composite Interleukin-1 Genotype

“…Composite genotype was pointed by some authors as a susceptible for the periodontal disease and for that reason it is included in such a test who would have a goal to detect genetic susceptibility of a person to the periodontal disease and to allow its early detection which is important for right time and suitable therapy that will be able to prevent tooth loss [37,38].…”