Czech Version of the Trail Making Test: Normative Data and Clinical Utility

Abstract

The Trail Making Test (TMT) comprises two psychomotor tasks that measure a wide range of visual-perceptual and executive functions. The purpose of this study was to provide Czech normative data and to examine the relationship between derived TMT indices and demographic variables. The TMT was administered to 421 healthy adults. Two clinical groups (n = 126) were evaluated to investigate the clinical utility of the TMT-derived scores: amnestic mild cognitive impairment (n = 90) and Alzheimer's disease (n = 36). Statistical analyses showed that age and education, but not gender, were significantly associated with TMT completion times and derived scores. Of all the indices, only the TMT ratio score was insensitive to age. We present normative values for the Czech version of the TMT, providing a reference for measuring individual performance in native Czech speakers. Moreover, we found that accuracy on the TMT was improved with the attenuation of age.

The Effects of Aging, Malingering, and Traumatic Brain Injury on Computerized Trail-Making Test Performance

“…Trails A completion times show age slopes ranging from 0.2 s/year [17] to 0.6 s/year [4, 7], while Trails B age slopes are steeper, ranging from 0.6 s/year [17] to 1.6 s/year [4]. Although the age-related changes are larger for Trails B than Trails A [10], the Trails B/A ratio is generally insensitive to age [18]. Given the abundant evidence of age-related motor slowing [19], we anticipated that age-related slowing would be due primarily to increased move-times and reductions in movement velocity.…”

Czech version of Rey Auditory Verbal Learning test: Normative data

“…Exclusion criteria consisted of a history of brain damage (concussion, head trauma, neurodegenerative disorders, epilepsy, stroke, infectious disease of the nervous system, and paraneoplastic disorders), psychiatric illness (schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders, mood and anxiety disorders) chronic drug or alcohol abuse, or any medical illness that could affect neurocognitive function based on a lifetime history (if a subject had, e.g., depression disorder ever, he/she was excluded). All participants underwent a neuropsychological battery that consisted of the following measures: RAVLT (Schmidt, 1996), Rey Complex Figure Test, (Meyers & Meyers, 1995), Digit Span from WAIS-III (Wechsler, 2010), Stroop test (Golden & Freshwater, 2002), Tower of London (Shallice, 1982), Trail Making Test (Bezdicek et al, 2012), Controlled Oral Word Association Test (Preiss, Rodriguez, Kawaciukowa, & Laing, 2007), Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) (Beck, Steer, & Brown, 1996), General Health Questionnaire (Goldberg & Hillier, 1979), Number Series (from Intelligence Structure Test IST 2000 R; Amthauer, Brocke, Liepmann, & Beauducel, 2005), Five Point Test (Ruff, 1988), and the Finger Tapping Test (Reitan & Wolfson, 1985). Participants performed within normal limits (i.e., not greater than one standard deviation (SD) below age-and education-adjusted normative values) on all cognitive measures other than RAVLT.…”

Trail Making Test: Normative data for the Latin American Spanish speaking adult population

“…However, until relatively recently the preponderance of normative TMT data has been obtained mainly from Western, well-educated, and English-speaking countries (e.g., U.S., Canada;Tombaugh, 2004;Spreen & Strauss, 1998;Selnes et al, 1991;Goul & Brown, 1970). To ameliorate this problem, normative studies of the TMT have recently been carried out in other regions of the world, namely, in Japan (Abe et al, 2004;Hashimoto et al, 2006), Korea (Seo et al, 2006), Spain (Peña-Casanova et al, 2009), Turkey (Cangoz, Karakoc, & Selekler, 2009), China (Wang et al, 2011, and the Czech Republic (Bezdicek, 2012), and Portugal (Cavaco et al, 2013).…”