d2 Law and Penetration Length of Jatropha and Camelina Bio-Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene Spray Characteristics at Take-Off, Top of Climb and Cruise

Abstract

A comparison of d2 law and penetration length of biofuels with Jet–A through the incorporation of fuel properties and actual combustor inlet data at various flight trajectories is presented. This study aims to identify fuel properties and flight operating conditions that most influence droplet characteristics accurately. The study comprises two phases involving a simulation using GSP to predict combustor inlet data for the respective flight operating conditions and a simulation using ANSYS Fluent V18.1 to obtain combustion characteristics of biofuels and Jet–A . The biofuels chosen in this study are Jatropha Bio-synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (JSPK) and Camelina Bio-synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (CSPK), evaluated as pure (100%) and blend (50%) with Jet–A. Thrust specific fuel consumption (TSFC) of biofuels is improved due to lower fuel consumed by the engine. The d2 law curve shows a heat-up period that takes place at the early stage of the combustion process. The penetration length of the fuels is shorter at take-off. Combusting biofuels reduce combustion temperature and the penetration length of the droplet.

Diesel Spray: Development of Spray in Diesel Engine

“…While surface tension affects the fuel surface area, volatility influences the spray evolution and mixture formation [114,[156][157][158][159]. High volatile fuel tends to increase the evaporation rate and lowers SMD thus reducing the spray penetration length [160][161][162][163][164][165]. Low volatile fuel, on the other hand, has relatively lower evaporation rate, larger droplets size, thus increasing spray penetration length, which in some cases could lead to the wall impingement [166][167][168][169][170].…”