Damage to Ciliated Epithelium in Chronic Rhinosinusitis: What is the Role of Bacterial Biofilms?

Abstract

The high percentage of biofilms in our specimens confirms the association between biofilms and CRS. Our data support the hypothesis that biofilm formation represents the latter phase of an inflammatory process that leads to complete epithelial destruction.

Efficacy of silk fibroin&ndash;nano silver against <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> biofilms in a rabbit model of sinusitis

“…Thus, as stated by Galli et al, biofilm formation represents the later phase of the inflammatory process that leads to complete epithelial destruction. 28 The results of the present study clearly showed restoration of epithelium and cilia after treatment with SF-NS solutions. This can easily be considered as the consequence of biofilm removal by silver nanoparticles.…”

Optical coherence tomography for biofilm detection in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis

“…Furthermore, absence of bioWlms was not associated to the single employment of histopathological staining protocols or OCT scans. CRSwNP is a disease of multifactorial agents involving disturbed local immune response and chronic inXammation; however, bioWlms might contribute to the damage of respiratory epithelium and subsequent hyperplasia of the [2,6,12]. Although speciWc treatments are not available to target bioWlms, it is very important to be detected, since it is strongly associated with treatment failure and persisting symptoms [1,2,30].…”

“…BioWlms are characterized by a self-produced threedimensional extracellular matrix that consists of water, polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids [7,9]. This complex structure provides extremely high resistance against antimicrobial agents and host immune reactions [6,7,12]. This resistance mechanism is based on the physical barrier formed by the polysaccharide matrix that blocks the diVusion of antibiotics, antimycotics, superoxides, immunglobulins, and opsonins [6,7,12].…”

“…This complex structure provides extremely high resistance against antimicrobial agents and host immune reactions [6,7,12]. This resistance mechanism is based on the physical barrier formed by the polysaccharide matrix that blocks the diVusion of antibiotics, antimycotics, superoxides, immunglobulins, and opsonins [6,7,12]. BioWlms can be formed by individual-or mixed species of bacteria and fungi that usually cannot be cultured and isolated by conventional microbiological protocols; therefore, diagnosis is often uncertain [2,7,8].…”

Impact of Widespread Introduction of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines on Pneumococcal and Nonpneumococcal Otitis Media

“…Middle ear damage from early events may result in increasingly complex, often polymicrobial OM episodes [1,3], with a diminishing relative role of S. pneumoniae (especially PCV13 serotypes) [4][5][6] and an increasing NTHi role, often in association with mixed infections and biofilm formation [7][8][9][10][11]. NTHi is also a major pathogen in other recurrent, nonresponsive and chronic respiratory infections [12][13][14][15].…”