Damage to railway earth structures and foundations caused by the 2011 off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku Earthquake

Investigation of liquefiable property and S-wave velocity distribution focused on coal ash used for rail yard embankments

“…The embankments which constructed on the soft clay ground were da ma ged by liquefa ction of the embankment body. Koseki et al (2012) and Suzuki et al (2011) indicated that such damage cases were possible to occur in railway embankments. This mechanism is explained that the part of embankment which settles down below groundwater level caused by consolidation of the soft ground during serviceable period is liquefied during earthquake.…”

Irregular GIS Curve Fitting based High Speed Railway Earthquake Influence Range Calculation Model

“…China is located in the earthquake area which is vulnerable to earthquake disasters [3]. When the earthquake occurs, within its influence scope, high-speed railway line will vib rate and distort as the ground, leading to the trains jump ing up and down, wh ich will cause a devastating disaster [4,5].…”

Centrifuge Modelling of Retaining Walls Embedded in Saturated Sand Under Seismic Actions

“…A number of cases of damage or failure of gravity and embedded retaining walls during earthquakes are reported in the literature, most of which have occurred in saturated soils (Iai and Kameoka 1993;Kamon et al� 1996;Fang et al� 2003;Koseki et al� 2012)� As an example, Madabhushi and Zeng (2007) reported the structural yielding of a cantilevered quay wall during the Bhuj earthquake of 2001, where significant ground settlements occurred in the backfill concurrently with a large outward movements of the wall� As observed by Zeng and Steedman (1993), failure of retaining and quay walls during earthquakes, with associated damage to structures founded on the backfill, is caused either by a local failure in the structural members or by large displacements of the ground exceeding the serviceability conditions� It follows that two aspects are of major concern when dealing with the dynamic behaviour of retaining walls, i�e�, (i) the increase of internal forces in the wall due to the inertia forces acting into the soil, and (ii) the possible occurrence of permanent displacements due to full mobilisation of the soil resistance� Following the works by Okabe (1924) and Mononobe and Matsuo (1929), several studies have been devoted to the problem of computing dynamic earth pressures on retaining structures, both with theoretical (Steedman and Zeng 1990;Lancellotta 2007;Mylonakis et al 2007;Kim et al 2010) and experimental (Atik and Sitar 2010) approaches. More recent work has focused on the dynamic behaviour of flexible embedded retaining walls (Madabhushi and Zeng 2007;Cilingir et al 2011;Conti et al 2012), and some of the major findings have been embodied in a more rational design of this type of structures in seismic conditions (Conti and Viggiani 2013).…”