Damage to roots and collars of coniferous woody plants.

Abstract

This chapter describes and illustrates the damage types (including the possible damaging agents) to roots and collars of coniferous woody plants: root and butt rot (fungi), root rot (Oomycetes, fungi), bark-feeding insect damage, mammal damage, root and collar-tunnelling (insects), abiotic damage (windthrow, excessive irrigation, excessive heat, planting too deeply, soil compaction, mechanical root damage), root sucking insect damage, root knot (Nematoda, bacteria, insects, fungi), and damage caused by migratory ecto-endoparasitic nematodes.