Data Collection Surveys on the Cornerstones of the Water-Energy Nexus: A Systematic Overview

Abstract

There is no doubt that energy and water are cornerstones of life and that they are closely related to one another. Climate change, population growth, and urbanization rates are dramatically driving demand for both energy and water. To understand the inextricability between these two basic necessities of life, a nexus approach has proven useful. This paper provides an overview of recent studies to understand energy and water use data collected from surveys of urban and rural communities. The paper reviews worldwide case studies of water and energy demand, and factors influencing consumption, including household characteristics, consumer behavior, and the relationship between technology and demand. The paper also looks into coupled water-energy conservation studies. This review finds that most research still treats water and energy separately rather than jointly in a nexus approach, due in part to sectoral fragmentation, but also to important differences in data structure, time scales, and applications. Data collection methodologies and data analysis techniques used in case studies are also summarized. They indicate that nexus methodologies are mainly applied to the supply side of the water-energy nexus, but not to the demand side. By coupling water and energy data collection and analysis, this paper provides insights for conserving water and energy, especially on the demand side. This paper thus serves as a systematic overview for future water-energy nexus data collection surveys and analyses.

Characterizing and Defining of Designing Sustainable Product-Service Systems Applied to Distributed Water-Energy-Food Nexus

“…Testing activities assessed various aspects of the 11dimensional canvas: the completeness and inclusion of all possible characteristics, the clarity and usability, and the effectiveness. First, through a 1 h demonstration, the interviewees were presented and introduced to the SPSS model applied to the distributed WEF Nexus (Stein et al, 2018;Al-Sumaiti et al, 2020).…”

Shortest-Path-Based Two-Phase Design Model for Hydraulically Efficient Water Distribution Network: Preparing for Extreme Changes in Water Availability

“…The correlation between the HGI and the two nodal hydraulic parameters (i.e., pressure and total head) was identified using PCC#2. The correlation between the two parameters (PCC values of 0.08 and 0.35 for nodal pressure and total head, respectively; not shown in the tables and figures) was found to be low because the HGI was not quantified based on hydraulic simulation; it was quantified according to the topological connection and weight [see (1)] and did not consider the weight based on the nodal element (e.g., elevation, demand, etc.). For a similar reason, a low PCC was found in a network with a high spatial variation in the nodal hydraulic characteristics in PCC#1.…”

“…(generally the point with the maximum potential energy); thus, the resultant potential energy used to deliver according to customer demands may be less than that under normal conditions [1]. Under these circumstances, an efficient connection between the source and consumers is important to secure the serviceability of a WDN, which can generally be achieved by minimizing energy losses [1]- [3].…”

“…(generally the point with the maximum potential energy); thus, the resultant potential energy used to deliver according to customer demands may be less than that under normal conditions [1]. Under these circumstances, an efficient connection between the source and consumers is important to secure the serviceability of a WDN, which can generally be achieved by minimizing energy losses [1]- [3]. However, the determination of such a connection is challenging because of the complexity of the network connection and locations of assets (e.g., pipes, pumps, and valves) and the source (e.g., reservoir) [4]- [6].…”

“…The min HG value is always calculated at the right downstream node of the source [Fig.3(f)]. For the first approach, the length and roughness factor are fixed [see(1)], and the diameter of the source pipe should be maximized to reduce the minimum nodal HG. The maximum diameter in the TPD solutions increased from 1200 to 2000 mm as α increased from 1.0 to 2.0.…”