Data-driven analysis of the impact of COVID-19 on Madrid's public transport during each phase of the pandemic

A study on the factors that influenced the choice of transport mode before, during, and after the first lockdown in Milan, Italy

“…In many countries like Italy, and Germany, mobility dropped by around 80 % during the pandemic ( Bernhardt, 2020 ). Pozo et al (2022) , by using real ticket validations in Spain, reported that, at the peak pandemic, overall ridership diminished by 95 %, and it tended to rebound very slowly and it could gain half of its pre-pandemic level.…”

“…In addition, some socio-demographic characteristics such as gender ( Abdullah et al, 2020 ; Abdullah et al, 2021 ; Abdullah et al, 2022 ; Cusack, 2021 ; Das et al, 2021 ; Khaddar & Fatmi, 2021 ; La Paix, 2021 ; Schaefer et al, 2021 ; Tarasi et al, 2021 ), age ( Bhaduri et al, 2020 ; Chen et al, 2022 ; Das et al, 2021 ; Gramsch et al, 2022 ; Zafri et al, 2022 ), income ( Abdullah et al, 2021 ; Abdullah et al, 2022 ; Bhaduri et al, 2020 ; Das et al, 2021 ; Dingil & Esztergár-Kiss, 2021 ; Gramsch et al, 2022 ; Javid et al, 2021 ; La Paix, 2021 ; Pozo et al, 2022 ; Schaefer et al, 2021 ; Shakibaei et al, 2021 ; Zafri et al, 2021 ; Zafri et al, 2022 ), education ( Abdullah et al, 2021 ; Chen et al, 2022 ), marital status ( Chen et al, 2022 ) were relevant to travel mode during the pandemic.…”

Impact of COVID-19 on Users’ Social Perception of Public Transport in Madrid

“…In Spain, after people started working from home and companies closed, almost 19% drop in gross domestic product (GDP) in the second quarter of the year 2020 was recorded [25]. One of the sectors directly affected by the lockdown and pandemic was the public transport sector [15,16,26,27]. Significant increase in teleworking, temporary or permanent loss of job, or changes in labor mobility habits are the factors that decreased significantly the use of public transport in Spain [15,16].…”

Factors affecting public transport performance due to the COVID-19 outbreak: A worldwide analysis

“…These factors were in turn associated with psychosocial distress among PT users, since their feelings of fear, stress or anxiety increased and their perception of safety, along with their overall travel experience, were accordingly influenced ( Campisi et al, 2022 ; Dong et al, 2021 ). Therefore, PT systems lost a significant share of users and revenues, specifically during the first wave of the pandemic when decrease rates of approximately 90 % were recorded ( Fernández Pozo et al, 2022 ; Politis, Georgiadis, Nikolaidou, Kopsacheilis, Fyrogenis, Sdoukopoulos, Verani, and Papadopoulos, 2021a ; Vickerman, 2021 ). Even after the relaxation of lockdown measures in the fall of 2020 and the vaccination campaigns, PT systems continued to suffer from ridership losses ( Fernández Pozo et al, 2022 ; Monterde-I-bort et al, 2022 ; Vickerman, 2021 ), at least in the short run.…”

“…Therefore, PT systems lost a significant share of users and revenues, specifically during the first wave of the pandemic when decrease rates of approximately 90 % were recorded ( Fernández Pozo et al, 2022 ; Politis, Georgiadis, Nikolaidou, Kopsacheilis, Fyrogenis, Sdoukopoulos, Verani, and Papadopoulos, 2021a ; Vickerman, 2021 ). Even after the relaxation of lockdown measures in the fall of 2020 and the vaccination campaigns, PT systems continued to suffer from ridership losses ( Fernández Pozo et al, 2022 ; Monterde-I-bort et al, 2022 ; Vickerman, 2021 ), at least in the short run. Recent research findings show that an important share of former PT passengers is not anymore satisfied by PT cleanliness and safety and intend to permanently switch to private transport modes ( Downey et al, 2022 ; Przybylowski et al, 2021 ; Torbacki, 2021 ).…”