Data-Driven Approaches to Predict Thermal Maturity Indices of Organic Matter Using Artificial Neural Networks

Abstract

Prediction of thermal maturity index parameters in organic shales plays a critical role in defining the hydrocarbon prospect and proper economic evaluation of the field. Hydrocarbon potential in shales is evaluated using the percentage of organic indices such as total organic carbon (TOC), thermal maturity temperature, source potentials, and hydrogen and oxygen indices. Direct measurement of these parameters in the laboratory is the most accurate way to obtain a representative value, but, at the same time, it is very expensive. In the absence of such facilities, other approaches such as analytical solutions and empirical correlations are used to estimate the organic indices in shale. The objective of this study is to develop data-driven machine learning-based models to predict continuous profiles of geochemical logs of organic shale formation. The machine learning models are trained using the petrophysical wireline logs as input and the corresponding laboratory-measured core data as a target for Barnett shale formations. More than 400 log data and the corresponding core data were collected for this purpose. The petrophysical wireline logs are γ-ray, bulk density, neutron porosity, sonic transient time, spontaneous potential, and shallow resistivity logs. The corresponding core data includes the experimental results from the Rock-Eval pyrolysis and Leco TOC measurements. A backpropagation artificial neural network coupled with a particle swarm optimization algorithm was used in this work. In addition to the development of optimized PSO-ANN models, explicit empirical correlations are also extracted from the fine-tuned weights and biases of the optimized models. The proposed models work with a higher accuracy within the range of the data set on which the models are trained. The proposed models can give real-time quantification of the organic matter maturity that can be linked with the real-time drilling operations and help identify the hotspots of mature organic matter in the drilled section.

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Prediction of Total Organic Carbon in Organic-Rich Shale Rocks Using Thermal Neutron Parameters

“…Such interest is attributed to the depletion of conventional resources and the advancements in directional drilling and hydraulic fracturing. − The total organic carbon (TOC) content is one of the very important petrophysical properties that indicate the quality of source rocks. TOC represents the amount of organic matter deposited in the rock and is one of the most critical parameters to investigate prior to drilling for its significance in hydrocarbon quantification and quality measurement of the resource. ,− Organic matter depositions are controlled by the primary production, destruction, and dilution of organic matter where it maximizes when the first is fairly greater than the latter two factors . Many researchers proved the strong relation of TOC with many source rock parameters, such as gas adsorption capacity and porosity which emphasizes the importance of TOC as a rock petrophysical feature. , …”