“…Beam directions, weights, and shapes were initially manually optimized and transferred to the treatment machine via paperbased workflows, but soon, the increased data flow required automated information management. Establishing of standards for data structuring such as Digital Imaging and Communication in Medicine (DICOM) and managing the clinical information network by an oncology information system (OIS) have enabled development of integrated informationdriven workflows as discussed by Swerdloff (2007), , and . With the development of intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), the number of free parameters to be optimized during treatment planning exceeded what possibly could be handled by manual methods leading to extensive research of optimization methods (see, e.g., the reviews by Censor and Unkelbach (2012), Grégoire and Mackie (2011), and Ahnesjö et al (2006)).…”