Data reassessment in a phylogenetic context gives insight into chromosome evolution in the giant genus<i>Solanum</i>(Solanaceae)

Chiarini, Franco Ezequiel; Sazatornil, Federico; Bernardello, Gabriel

doi:10.1080/14772000.2018.1431320

Cited by 22 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 127 publications

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“…In Solanaceae, polyploidy is not widespread, but it arose in 22 genera, including the large genera Solanum , Nicotiana , and Lycium (cf. Chiarini & al., ). Lycium shows a polyploid series: 2 x , 3 x , 4 x , 6 x , 8 x , 10 x , and 11 x , with the highest levels here reported.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Table S1) and symmetrical karyotypes (average values: arm ratio = 1.27, A 1 = 0.16, A 2 = 0.12) (Stiefkens & Bernardello, , , , ; Sheidai & al., ; Dongli & al., ; Bernardello & al., ; Stiefkens & al., , ; Blanco & al., ; Chen & al., ); both features are common in the family (cf. Chiarini & al., ). Karyotypes have m and sm chromosomes of rather similar size; only L. bridgesii has one st pair (Bernardello & al., ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Nevertheless, in three Asian diploid species two pairs with satellites were detected (Sheidai & al., ; Dongli & al., ). The sites of the satellites observed by Feulgen staining were confirmed with FISH (Stiefkens & Bernardello, , , , ; Bernardello & al., ; Stiefkens & al., , ), as found in other Solanaceae as well (Lim & al., ; Fregonezi & al., ; Moscone & al., ; Acosta & Moscone, ; Chiarini & al., , ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In plants, heterochromatin is commonly situated in similar chromosome regions, regardless of the distance from the centromere, resulting in generalized bands with similar distribution in most chromosomes and which can be either associated with NOR or be telomeric, interstitial, or proximal (Guerra, ). Solanaceous genera with symmetrical karyotypes, such as Lycium , present simpler heterochromatin patterns, whereas species with many heterochromatin bands have more asymmetrical karyotypes (Stiefkens & al., ; Blanco & al., ; Chiarini & al., , ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Karyotype features represent a significant aspect in plant speciation, since chromosomal differences establish immediate postzygotic crossing barriers (Rieseberg, ), and karyotype evolution is generally consistent with clade differentiation (Blöch & al., ). Cytogenetical data provide key characters for plant systematics and evolution (Stace, ), especially when combined with molecular phylogenies (Weiss‐Schneeweiss & al., ; Baltisberger & Hörandl, ; Chiarini & al., ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Chromosome evolution in the cosmopolitan genus Lycium (Solanaceae)

Stiefkens

Peñas

Levin

et al. 2020

TAXON

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Lycium is the only member of tribe Lycieae (Solanoideae, Solanaceae), and it has a cosmopolitan distribution with its greatest diversity in southern South America, southern Africa, and southwestern North America. To date, there has been no attempt to synthesize and evaluate the significance of the available cytogenetical data from a phylogenetic perspective, which is the objective of this study. Firstly, new data on 27 taxa from all its range of distribution (FISH in all of them, banding in 23, Feulgen technique in 14) were provided to fill gaps in the information. The chromosome numbers of L. australe, L. humile, and L. repens were recorded for the first time. Species showed x = 12 with different ploidy levels (mostly diploid or tetraploid), small chromosomes, and symmetrical karyotypes. Lycium fremontii and L. repens were outstanding for having the highest numbers reported for the genus: 10x and 11x, respectively. North American species showed comparatively longer chromosomes. Secondly, cytogenetical traits were mapped on a phylogenetic tree, using character mapping and ancestral states reconstruction, to understand the dynamics of the evolutionary changes. The main cytotaxonomical features were included: chromosome number, presence of polyploidy, total length of the haploid chromosome set, mean chromosome length, karyotype formula, A 1 and A 2 asymmetry indices, percentage of heterochromatin, number of CMA + /DAPI − NORs bands, and number and position of 5S and 18S-5.8S-26S sites. The mean chromosome length, total haploid chromosome length, number of 18S-5.8S-26S loci, number of CMA + /DAPI − NORs bands underwent comparatively few transitions compared with the ploidy level and number of 5S loci. The mapping of the characters on the phylogenetic tree showed that the most probable ancestral chromosome number was 2n = 24 with several independent polyploidization events and one pair of each rDNA locus. The most likely ancestral condition for the genus would be: diploid, with small chromosomes, scarce heterochromatin, asynteny of rDNA loci, and one pair of both 18S-5.8S-26S and 5S loci.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Chromosome evolution in the cosmopolitan genus Lycium (Solanaceae)

Stiefkens

Peñas

Levin

et al. 2020

TAXON

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Phylogenomic discordance suggests polytomies along the backbone of the large genus Solanum

Gagnon

Hilgenhof

Orejuela

et al. 2022

American J of Botany

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Premise: Evolutionary studies require solid phylogenetic frameworks, but increased volumes of phylogenomic data have revealed incongruent topologies among gene trees in many organisms both between and within genomes. Some of these incongruences indicate polytomies that may remain impossible to resolve. Here we investigate the degree of gene-tree discordance in Solanum, one of the largest flowering plant genera that includes the cultivated potato, tomato, and eggplant, as well as 24 minor crop plants. Methods: A densely sampled species-level phylogeny of Solanum is built using unpublished and publicly available Sanger sequences comprising 60% of all accepted species (742 spp.) and nine regions (ITS, waxy, and seven plastid markers). The robustness of this topology is tested by examining a full plastome dataset with 140 species and a nuclear target-capture dataset with 39 species of Solanum (Angiosperms353 probe set).

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Divergence time estimation and mapping of morphological and cytogenetical data in the southern South American geophyte genus Pterocactus (Cactaceae)

Peñas

Bernardello

2021

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Pterocactus has 10 species endemic to restricted areas of the Argentine Monte and Patagonia regions, also growing in neighbouring Chile. We analysed phylogenetic relationships between its species, based on plastid DNA sequences (psbA‐trnH, rpl16, trnH‐matK), exomorphological features (spine type and size, stem segment form, flower position, epidermis colour, areole pubescence, stem surface) and cytogenetical traits (genome size, somatic chromosome number). Traits were mapped using character mapping and ancestral state reconstruction to understand the dynamics of evolutionary changes. Pterocactus was monophyletic. Two lineages were recovered: clade A (with P. fischeri diverging early and P. reticulatus, P. valentinii, P. megliolii, P. gonjianii, and both P. tuberosus forms) and clade B (with P. neuquensis diverging first and P. araucanus and P. hickenii). Both samples examined of P. australis were paraphyletic. It was estimated that Pterocactus split from its sister group at 9.38 mya. The crown group age was estimated to be 7.69 myr. Species showed x = 11 with different ploidy levels (2n = 22, 44, 99, ca. 110, and 154); only P. tuberosus f. tuberosus was diploid. The numbers were typical of each taxon studied, and polyploidy was important in its diversification. Two 18S‐5.8S‐26S sites were detected regardless of the ploidy level, except P. fischeri with four sites and 2n = ca. 110. The number of 5S sites was 2 in P. gonjianii and the diploid P. tuberosus f. tuberosus, 4 in the tetraploid P. tuberosus f. lelongii, 10 in the probably decaploid P. fischeri and 8 in P. araucanus of unknown chromosome number. The genome size ranged from 2C = 4.94 pg in P. megliolii of unknown chromosome number to 2C = 16.68 pg in the tetradecaploid P. hickenii. The ancestor is reconstructed as a dwarf shrub with cylindrical central spines of 16.35–31.2 mm long, non‐woolly areoles, cylindrical to globose/obpyriform stem segments, non‐tuberculate stem surface, lateral flower position, green/brown to violet epidermis, probably diploid, and with a genome size between 1.10 and 1.23 pg.

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Data reassessment in a phylogenetic context gives insight into chromosome evolution in the giant genusSolanum(Solanaceae)

Cited by 22 publications

References 127 publications

Chromosome evolution in the cosmopolitan genus Lycium (Solanaceae)

Chromosome evolution in the cosmopolitan genus Lycium (Solanaceae)

Phylogenomic discordance suggests polytomies along the backbone of the large genus Solanum

Divergence time estimation and mapping of morphological and cytogenetical data in the southern South American geophyte genus Pterocactus (Cactaceae)

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