Dating the Paleolithic: Trapped charge methods and amino acid geochronology

Abstract

Despite the vast array of different geochronological tools available, dating the Paleolithic remains one of the discipline’s greatest challenges. This review focuses on two different dating approaches: trapped charge and amino acid geochronology. While differing in their fundamental principles, both exploit time-dependent changes in signals found within crystals to generate a chronology for the material dated and hence, the associated deposits. Within each method, there is a diverse range of signals that can be analyzed, each covering different time ranges, applicable to different materials and suitable for different paleoenvironmental and archaeological contexts. This multiplicity of signals can at first sight appear confusing, but it is a fundamental strength of the techniques, allowing internal checks for consistency and providing more information than simply a chronology. For each technique, we present an overview of the basis for the time-dependent signals and the types of material that can be analyzed, with examples of their archaeological application, as well as their future potential.

Deep-time paleogenomics and the limits of DNA survival

“…Trapped charge dating methods, such as electron spin resonance (ESR) for tooth enamel or luminescence approaches for minerals such as quartz and feldspar, can provide age estimates for samples dating throughout the Pleistocene, but require that sediments have remained undisturbed since burial (for a review see 54). When proteins are preserved, the extent of amino acid racemization, hydrolysis, and decay can also estimate time since death, although amino acid “clocks” vary among species and localities ( 54 ).…”

Current developments and future directions in archaeological science

“…Among these are trapped charge and amino acid racemization (AAR), which are reviewed in this issue by Penkman et al. ( 25 ). These methods have the potential to expand the reach of scientific dating well beyond the limits of radiocarbon.…”

“…As Penkman et al. ( 25 ) highlight, advances in calibration and cross-checks should advance the use of this valuable alternative dating method in the future.…”