Daylight Photodynamic Therapy: An Update

Lee, Chaw Ning; Hsu, Rosie; Chen, Hsuan; Wong, Tak Wah

doi:10.3390/molecules25215195

Cited by 89 publications

(97 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…Endogenous porphyrins along with their various derivatives or precursors administered as exogenous compounds, and the subsequent generations of photodynamically active biomolecules have been extensively investigated to develop PDD and PDT applications [278][279][280][281][282][283]. On the other hand, the first identification of ceroids followed by the detection of other endogenous fluorophores such as vitamin A, riboflavin, thiamin and structural proteins started the application of autofluorescence microscopy and of the progressively more sophisticated technologies for diagnostic purposes, concurrently with a continuous progress on the knowledge on the metabolic and diagnostic meaning of these compounds [3,[284][285][286][287].…”

Section: Normal and Altered Cell And Tissuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Light and Autofluorescence, Multitasking Features in Living Organisms

Croce

2021

Photochem

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Organisms belonging to all life kingdoms may have the natural capacity to fluoresce. Autofluorescence events depend on the presence of natural biomolecules, namely endogenous fluorophores, with suitable chemical properties in terms of conjugated double bonds, aromatic or more complex structures with oxidized and crosslinked bonds, ensuring an energy status able to permit electronic transitions matching with the energy of light in the UV-visible-near-IR spectral range. Emission of light from biological substrates has been reported since a long time, inspiring unceasing and countless studies. Early notes on autofluorescence of vegetables have been soon followed by attention to animals. Investigations on full living organisms from the wild environment have been driven prevalently by ecological and taxonomical purposes, while studies on cells, tissues and organs have been mainly promoted by diagnostic aims. Interest in autofluorescence is also growing as a sensing biomarker in food production and in more various industrial processes. The associated technological advances have supported investigations ranging from the pure photochemical characterization of specific endogenous fluorophores to their possible functional meanings and biological relevance, making fluorescence a valuable intrinsic biomarker for industrial and diagnostic applications, in a sort of real time, in situ biochemical analysis. This review aims to provide a wide-ranging report on the most investigated natural fluorescing biomolecules, from microorganisms to plants and animals of different taxonomic degrees, with their biological, environmental or biomedical issues relevant for the human health. Hence, some notes in the different sections dealing with different biological subject are also interlaced with human related issues. Light based events in biological subjects have inspired an almost countless literature, making it almost impossible to recall here all associated published works, forcing to apologize for the overlooked reports. This Review is thus proposed as an inspiring source for Readers, addressing them to additional literature for an expanded information on specific topics of more interest.

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Section: Normal and Altered Cell And Tissuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Light and Autofluorescence, Multitasking Features in Living Organisms

Croce

2021

Photochem

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“…The ad-vantages are that the treatment could be carried out at home and it would require less equipment and personnel (cheaper). However, it also has disadvantages, such as the imprecision in the quantification of the dose of light or duration of exposure, considering that intensity of daylight depends on the season of the year, weather conditions, or geographic location [9,[49][50][51]. Another limitation for the use of daylight is the limitation to treat Candida infections not accessible for this light, such as the mouth or the genitalia, which otherwise are the most frequent.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Vitro Effect of Photodynamic Therapy with Different Lights and Combined or Uncombined with Chlorhexidine on Candida spp.

et al. 2021

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Candidiasis is very common and complicated to treat in some cases due to increased resistance to antifungals. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is a promising alternative treatment. It is based on the principle that light of a specific wavelength activates a photosensitizer molecule resulting in the generation of reactive oxygen species that are able to kill pathogens. The aim here is the in vitro photoinactivation of three strains of Candida spp., Candida albicans ATCC 10231, Candida parapsilosis ATCC 22019 and Candida krusei ATCC 6258, using aPDT with different sources of irradiation and the photosensitizer methylene blue (MB), alone or in combination with chlorhexidine (CHX). Irradiation was carried out at a fluence of 18 J/cm2 with a light-emitting diode (LED) lamp emitting in red (625 nm) or a white metal halide lamp (WMH) that emits at broad-spectrum white light (420–700 nm). After the photodynamic treatment, the antimicrobial effect is evaluated by counting colony forming units (CFU). MB-aPDT produces a 6 log10 reduction in the number of CFU/100 μL of Candida spp., and the combination with CHX enhances the effect of photoinactivation (effect achieved with lower concentration of MB). Both lamps have similar efficiencies, but the WMH lamp is slightly more efficient. This work opens the doors to a possible clinical application of the combination for resistant or persistent forms of Candida infections.

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“…PDT consists of a photochemical reaction between a photosensitizing agent and the oxygen that selectively destroys the target tissue, constituting an alternative modality clinically approved by several health agencies in many countries [25][26][27][28][29]. The photodynamic effect consists of causing a powerful and sustained photochemical reaction between light at a given wavelength, the photosensitizer (PS) and oxygen in the target tissue.…”

Section: Pdt Fundamentalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Light and Phages on Tackle of Infectious Diseases

Cruz¹,

Bogas²,

Sousa³

2021

Bacteriophages in Therapeutics

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There has been an important increase in the emergence of resistance in microbial population worldwide. This trajectory needs, necessarily new approaches to treat infectious diseases. The ability to detect and prevent the evolutionary trajectories of microbial resistance would be of value. Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) represents an efficient alternative treatment for diseases caused by viruses, which can cause infections well documented in various mammals. PDI can kill cells after exposure with the appropriate photosensitizer (PS), light of adequate wavelength combined with the presence of oxygen, without inducing resistance. Cytotoxic reactive species formed interaction with vital biomolecules leading to irreversible microbial inactivation. Bacteriophages can act on delivering antimicrobial agents into bacteria, which consist in a likely instrument for the treatment of infectious diseases. Non-enveloped bacteriophages are more difficult to tolerate photoinactivation than enveloped phages, which makes them an important model tool to evaluate the efficiency of PDI therapy against viruses that cause diseases in humans. Combination of photosensitizers and bacteriophage therapy can be employed to eradicate biofilms, contributing to control of infections also caused by drug-resistant bacteria.

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Daylight Photodynamic Therapy: An Update

Cited by 89 publications

References 71 publications

Light and Autofluorescence, Multitasking Features in Living Organisms

Light and Autofluorescence, Multitasking Features in Living Organisms

In Vitro Effect of Photodynamic Therapy with Different Lights and Combined or Uncombined with Chlorhexidine on Candida spp.

Light and Phages on Tackle of Infectious Diseases

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