Deciphering and Targeting Epigenetics in Cancer Metastasis

Abstract

Once cancer metastasizes to distant organs like the bone, liver, lung, and brain, it is in an advanced stage. Metastasis is a major contributor to cancer-associated deaths. Countless molecules and complex pathways are involved in the dissemination and colonization of cancer cells from a primary tumor at metastatic sites. Establishing the biological mechanisms of the metastatic process is crucial in finding open therapeutic windows for successful interventions. Emerging evidence suggested a variety of epigenetic regulations were identified to regulate cancer metastasis. Here we summarize the procedures and routes of cancer metastasis as well as the roles of epigenetics including ncRNA, DNA methylation, and histone modifications in common metastases. Then we further discuss the potentials and limitations of epigenetics-related target molecules in diagnosis, therapy, and prognosis.