Decision making under risk: framing effects in pigeon risk preferences

Biases and suboptimal choice by animals suggest that framing effects may be ubiquitous

“…If now the animal is given a choice between the two offers, either of which results in one pellet, the animal will show a strong preference for the single pellet offered (loss aversion; Sturgill et al, 2021). On the other hand, animals have a strong preference for receiving more than expected – presenting them with one pellet but giving them two pellets, over presenting them with two pellets and giving them two pellets (gain attraction; Clayton, Brantley, & Zentall, in press).…”