Decline in neutralising antibody responses, but sustained T‐cell immunity, in COVID‐19 patients at 7 months post‐infection

Chen, Jun; Liu, Xiaomin; Zhang, Xinyu; Lin, Yixiao; Liu, Danping; Xun, Jingna; Wang, Zhenyan; Gu, Ling; Li, Qian; Yin, Dan; Yang, Junyang; Lu, Hongzhou

doi:10.1002/cti2.1319

Cited by 40 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…On the other hand, the durability of immunity to SARS-CoV-2 remains unclear since there is a decline in circulating antibody titres a few months after recovery or vaccination [148][149][150]. In turn, some authors have found sustained T-cell immunity despite a decline in the antibody response months after infection [151,152], suggesting that other immune components contribute to protective immunity.…”

Section: Immune Correlates Of Protection From Sars-cov-2 Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

What Happens to the Immune System after Vaccination or Recovery from COVID-19?

Tiyo

Schmitz

Ortega

et al. 2021

Life

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Due to its leading role in fighting infections, the human immune system has been the focus of many studies in the context of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In a worldwide effort, the scientific community has transitioned from reporting about the effects of the novel coronavirus on the human body in the early days of the pandemic to exploring the body’s many immunopathological and immunoprotecting properties that have improved disease treatment and enabled the development of vaccines. The aim of this review is to explain what happens to the immune system after recovery from COVID-19 and/or vaccination against SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes the disease. We detail the way in which the immune system responds to a SARS-CoV-2 infection, including innate and adaptive measures. Then, we describe the role of vaccination, the main types of COVID-19 vaccines and how they protect us. Further, we explain the reason why immunity after COVID-19 infection plus a vaccination appears to induce a stronger response compared with virus exposure alone. Additionally, this review reports some correlates of protection from SARS-CoV-2 infection. In conclusion, we reinforce that vaccination is safe and important in achieving herd immunity.

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Section: Immune Correlates Of Protection From Sars-cov-2 Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

What Happens to the Immune System after Vaccination or Recovery from COVID-19?

Tiyo

Schmitz

Ortega

et al. 2021

Life

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“…Long et al found 93% of asymptomatic individuals to have a reduction in anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels during the early convalescent phase (5). Chen et al found a significant decline in anti-S-RBD antibodies 7 months after the infection in hospitalized cases (25). The decline in antibody levels to N and S-RBD after 5 months was also reported by Gaebler et al (26).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 59%

Long-Term Elevated Inflammatory Protein Levels in Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infected Individuals

et al. 2021

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The clinical features of SARS-CoV-2 infection range from asymptomatic to severe disease with life-threatening complications. Understanding the persistence of immune responses in asymptomatic individuals merit special attention because of their importance in controlling the spread of the infections. We here studied the antibody and T cell responses, and a wide range of inflammation markers, in 56 SARS-CoV-2 antibody-positive individuals, identified by a population screen after the first wave of SARS-CoV-2 infection. These, mostly asymptomatic individuals, were reanalyzed 7-8 months after their infection together with 115 age-matched seronegative controls. We found that 7-8 months after the infection their antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid (N) protein declined whereas we found no decrease in the antibodies to Spike receptor-binding domain (S-RBD) when compared to the findings at seropositivity identification. In contrast to antibodies to N protein, the antibodies to S-RBD correlated with the viral neutralization capacity and with CD4+ T cell responses as measured by antigen-specific upregulation of CD137 and CD69 markers. Unexpectedly we found the asymptomatic antibody-positive individuals to have increased serum levels of S100A12, TGF-alpha, IL18, and OSM, the markers of activated macrophages-monocytes, suggesting long-term persistent inflammatory effect associated with the viral infection in asymptomatic individuals. Our results support the evidence for the long-term persistence of the inflammation process and the need for post-infection clinical monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 infected asymptomatic individuals.

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“…These findings along with recent studies from COVID-19-recovered individuals show persistent multi-functional SARS-CoV-2 antigen–specific memory, suggest that these cells could contribute to rapid recall responses [ 16 ]. Few other studies also reported that convalescent-phase SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells generate broader and persistent immune responses even when neutralizing antibodies declined [ 1 , 17 , 44 ] and these T cell reposes were maintained at least 10 months after infection [ 3 , 17 ]. In addition to this, our findings also suggest that there was a good immune correlation observed between the immune parameters and SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced SARS-CoV-2-Specific CD4+ T Cell Activation and Multifunctionality in Late Convalescent COVID-19 Individuals

Kumar

Moideen

Nancy

et al. 2022

Viruses

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Background: Examination of CD4+ T cell responses during the natural course of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection offers useful information for the improvement of vaccination strategies against this virus and the protective effect of these T cells. Methods: We characterized the SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ T cell activation marker, multifunctional cytokine and cytotoxic marker expression in recovered coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) individuals. Results: CD4+ T-cell responses in late convalescent (>6 months of diagnosis) individuals are characterized by elevated frequencies of activated as well as mono, dual- and multi-functional Th1 and Th17 CD4+ T cells in comparison to early convalescent (<1 month of diagnosis) individuals following stimulation with SARS-CoV-2-specific antigens. Similarly, the frequencies of cytotoxic marker expressing CD4+ T cells were also enhanced in late convalescent compared to early convalescent individuals. Conclusion: Our findings from a low-to middle-income country suggest protective adaptive immune responses following natural infection of SARS-CoV-2 are elevated even at six months following initial symptoms, indicating the CD4+ T cell mediated immune protection lasts for six months or more in natural infection.

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Decline in neutralising antibody responses, but sustained T‐cell immunity, in COVID‐19 patients at 7 months post‐infection

Cited by 40 publications

References 42 publications

What Happens to the Immune System after Vaccination or Recovery from COVID-19?

What Happens to the Immune System after Vaccination or Recovery from COVID-19?

Long-Term Elevated Inflammatory Protein Levels in Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infected Individuals

Enhanced SARS-CoV-2-Specific CD4+ T Cell Activation and Multifunctionality in Late Convalescent COVID-19 Individuals

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