“…Constraint (33) enforces the outputs of wind farms and photovoltaic power stations, in which p w,max , p w,min denote the upper and lower limits of the active power of a wind farm w. Similarly, p p,max , p p,min denote the limits of solar power. Additionally, in order to ensure a safe, reliable, and continuous supply of electricity, the power system is required to have a certain amount of reserve capacity in case of uncertainties such as the failure of new energy units and deviations from the predicted output.…”