“…In general, DEA researchers employ two different approaches to evaluating efficiency of two‐stage systems: defining ratio efficiency or using possible production set (PPS). Various models have been developed for multiplier and envelopment two‐stage networks (Chen, Cook, & Zhu, ; Despotis, Koronakos, & Sotiros, ; Guo, Abbasi Shureshjani, Foroughi, & Zhu, ; Kao & Hwang, ; Kao & Hwang, ; Rho & An, ; Tone & Tsutsui, ) based on these two approaches. However, these models still demonstrate deficiencies in evaluating overall efficiency, divisional efficiency, and projection (benchmark DMU; Chen, Cook, Kao, & Zhu, ).…”