Deconstructing the components model of addiction: an illustration through “addictive” use of social media

Fournier, Loïs; Schimmenti, Adriano; Musetti, Alessandro; Flayelle, Maèva; Cataldo, Ilaria; Starčević, Vladan; Billieux, Joël

doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2023.107694

Cited by 28 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…This finding suggested the two criteria might be an indicator of high engagement in social media. Fournier et al reported similar results with ours, finding that salience and tolerance were peripheral rather than central components of PSMU [ 7 ]. Studies in IGD also found that the two criteria had a low ability to distinguish normal and passionate users from problematic and addictive users [ 39 – 43 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…It is unclear whether and how the pandemic might affect our results. However, both the results of LPA and NA has successfully replicated previous studies prior to the pandemic [ 7 , 8 ]. Hence, it is likely that the impact of the pandemic on our survey results might be modest.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 74%

“…Studies from other cultural backgrounds reported similar results. For example, a network analysis of PSMU and psychiatric symptoms in Italian social media users reported that salience and tolerance showed no relationship with psychiatric symptoms [ 7 ]. Cheng et al also reported that these two symptoms displayed rather weak relationship with the depression in samples from the United Kingdom and the United States [ 34 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They criticize the ability of salience and tolerance criteria to distinguish problematic users from high engagement users, which might pathologize normal social media use [ 1 ]. For example, a recent study by Fournier et al found that the six addiction components of PSMU failed to form a unitary construct [ 7 ]. They reported that salience and tolerance criteria showed no relationship with psychopathological symptoms, suggesting that these two criteria might be peripheral features of PSMU.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Six addiction components of problematic social media use in relation to depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms: a latent profile analysis and network analysis

Peng

Liao

2023

BMC Psychiatry

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Backgrounds Components of addiction (salience, tolerance, mood modification, relapse, withdrawal, and conflict) is the most cited theoretical framework for problematic social media use (PSMU). However, studies criticized its ability to distinguish problematic users from engaged users. We aimed to assess the association of the six criteria with depression, anxiety, and stress at a symptom level. Methods Ten thousand six hundred sixty-eight participants were recruited. Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (BSMAS) was used to detect six addiction components in PSMU. We applied the depression-anxiety-stress scale to assess mental distress. Latent profile analysis (LPA) was conducted based on BSMAS items. Network analysis (NA) was performed to determine the symptom-symptom interaction of PSMU and mental distress. Results (1) Social media users were divided into five subgroups including occasional users (10.6%, n = 1127), regular users (31.0%, n = 3309), high engagement low risk users (10.4%, n = 1115), at-risk users (38.1%, n = 4070), and problematic users (9.8%, n = 1047); (2) PSMU and mental distress varied markedly across subgroups. Problematic users had the most severe PSMU, depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms. High engagement users scored high on tolerance and salience criteria of PSMU but displayed little mental distress; (3) NA showed conflict and mood modification was the bridge symptoms across the network, while salience and tolerance exhibited weak association with mental distress. Conclusions Salience and tolerance might not distinguish engaged users from problematic users. New frameworks and assessment tools focusing on the negative consequences of social media usage are needed.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 74%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Six addiction components of problematic social media use in relation to depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms: a latent profile analysis and network analysis

Peng

Liao

2023

BMC Psychiatry

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“…Some of these have been criticized for potentially pathologizing normal behavior 22 and for including items that are not associated with psychopathological symptoms. 23 Another disputable aspect of published studies on problematic social media use is that they have seldom considered the view of the primary users: adolescents. Adolescents report that social media is an important social arena and part of their daily lives, where they communicate with friends, develop new friendships, 24 and fulfill their needs for intimacy and connection with others.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reexploring Problematic Social Media Use and Its Relationship with Adolescent Mental Health. Findings from the “LifeOnSoMe”-Study

Finserås,

Hjetland,

Sivertsen

et al. 2023

PRBM

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Previous approaches used to assess problematic social media use risk inflating prevalence numbers and classifying unproblematic social media use as problematic. The main aim of this study was to take an exploratory view as to how different types of activities, experiences, and motivations on social media are associated with problematic mental health outcomes in adolescents. Patients and Methods:This study is based on a cross-sectional survey of 2023 adolescents (mean age 17.4 years (SD 0.9), 44.4% males) from the year 2020. Exploratory graph analysis and exploratory factor analysis were performed on 28 pre-selected items assessing adolescents' use of social media, to identify underlying potentially problematic factors associated with social media use. Sets of gender-adjusted multiple linear regression analyses were performed to assess the degree to which social media factors predicted depression, anxiety, well-being, and time spent on social media. Results: Three factors were identified: 1) "subjective overuse", 2) "social obligations", and 3) "source of concern". All three factors showed significant positive associations with mental health problems. The factor "source of concern", which identifies feelings of being overwhelmed and concerned over social media use, had the strongest association to mental health problems and simultaneously the weakest association to time spent on social media. Conclusion: Three identified factors measuring problematic social media use showed positive associations with mental health problems. This lends support to the notion that problematic social media use is a multidimensional phenomenon and demonstrates the need to move beyond addiction criteria when assessing problematic social media use.

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Smartphone Application‐Based Addiction Scale: Psychometric Evidence Across Nine Asian Regions Using Advanced Analytic Methods

Chen,

Pramukti,

Gan

et al. 2024

Brain and Behavior

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IntroductionA smartphone is a device with various functions, including wifi, application functions, mobile networks, ease of mobility, and the capability of using mobile data. Because of the aforementioned functions, people may use smartphones frequently. The Smartphone Application‐Based Addiction Scale (SABAS) is a six‐item questionnaire assessing smartphone addiction with promising psychometric properties. However, it is unclear if the SABAS possesses the strong psychometric properties across Asian regions. The present study aimed to examine the factor structure of the SABAS across nine Asian regions.MethodsUsing datasets collected from Asian regions of Bangladesh, China, Indonesia, Iran, Malaysia, Pakistan, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam, data from 10,397 participants (mean age = 22.40 years; 44.8% men) were used for analyses. All participants completed the SABAS using an online survey or paper‐and‐pencil mode.ResultsFindings from confirmatory factor analysis, Rasch analysis, and network analysis all indicate a one‐factor structure for the SABAS. Moreover, the one‐factor structure of the SABAS was measurement invariant across age (21 years or less vs. above 21 years) and gender (men vs. women) in metric, scalar, and strict invariance. The one‐factor structure was invariant across regions in metric but not scalar or strict invariance.ConclusionThe present study findings showed that the SABAS possesses a one‐factor structure across nine Asian regions; however, noninvariant findings in scalar and strict levels indicate that people in the nine Asian regions may interpret the importance of each SABAS item differently. Age group and gender group comparisons are comparable because of the invariance evidence for the SABAS found in the present study. However, cautions should be made when comparing SABAS scores across Asian regions.

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Deconstructing the components model of addiction: an illustration through “addictive” use of social media

Cited by 28 publications

References 54 publications

Six addiction components of problematic social media use in relation to depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms: a latent profile analysis and network analysis

Six addiction components of problematic social media use in relation to depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms: a latent profile analysis and network analysis

Reexploring Problematic Social Media Use and Its Relationship with Adolescent Mental Health. Findings from the “LifeOnSoMe”-Study

Smartphone Application‐Based Addiction Scale: Psychometric Evidence Across Nine Asian Regions Using Advanced Analytic Methods

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