Deep brain stimulation and electromagnetic interference

Rahimpour, Shervin; Kiyani, Musa; Hodges, Sarah E; Turner, Dennis A.

doi:10.1016/j.clineuro.2021.106577

Cited by 38 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Brain stimulation techniques have shown efficacy for ameliorating neurological and psychiatric disorders ( Hoy and Fitzgerald, 2010 ). Invasive electrical brain stimulation modalities, such as vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) or deep brain stimulation (DBS), require the surgical placement of electrodes in the brain ( Rahimpour et al, 2021 ; Wang Y. et al, 2021 ). The modulation effects of non-invasive strategies, such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) are limited to the cortical surface ( Hoy and Fitzgerald, 2010 ; Romanella et al, 2020 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcranial Focused Ultrasound Neuromodulation: A Review of the Excitatory and Inhibitory Effects on Brain Activity in Human and Animals

Zhang

Pan

Wang

et al. 2021

Front. Hum. Neurosci.

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Non-invasive neuromodulation technology is important for the treatment of brain diseases. The effects of focused ultrasound on neuronal activity have been investigated since the 1920s. Low intensity transcranial focused ultrasound (tFUS) can exert non-destructive mechanical pressure effects on cellular membranes and ion channels and has been shown to modulate the activity of peripheral nerves, spinal reflexes, the cortex, and even deep brain nuclei, such as the thalamus. It has obvious advantages in terms of security and spatial selectivity. This technology is considered to have broad application prospects in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders and neuropsychiatric disorders. This review synthesizes animal and human research outcomes and offers an integrated description of the excitatory and inhibitory effects of tFUS in varying experimental and disease conditions.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcranial Focused Ultrasound Neuromodulation: A Review of the Excitatory and Inhibitory Effects on Brain Activity in Human and Animals

Zhang

Pan

Wang

et al. 2021

Front. Hum. Neurosci.

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“…A well-documented biological effect of RF (microwave) stimulation is its heat production in biological tissue 42 . To monitor brain temperature changes, we used a metal-free optical temperature measurement system to avoid interference of RF energy with electronic components 36,43 . The tip of the fiber-optic temperature probe (1.1 mm diameter) was implanted in the brain.…”

Section: Brain Heating Induced By Radiofrequency Stimulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brain-implanted conductors amplify radiofrequency fields in rodents: advantages and risks

Vöröslakos

Yaghmazadeh

Alon

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Over the past few decades, daily exposure to radiofrequency (RF) fields has been increasing due to the rapid development of wireless and medical imaging technologies. Under extreme circumstances, exposure to very strong RF energy can lead to heating of body tissue, even resulting in tissue injury. The presence of implanted devices, moreover, can amplify RF effects on surrounding tissue. Therefore, it is important to understand the interactions of RF fields with tissue in the presence of implants, in order to establish appropriate wireless safety protocols, and also to extend the benefits of medical imaging to increasing numbers of people with implanted medical devices. This study explored the neurological effects of RF exposure in rodents implanted with neuronal recording electrodes. We exposed freely moving and anesthetized rats and mice to 950 MHz RF energy while monitoring their brain activity, temperature, and behavior. We found that RF exposure could induce fast onset firing of single neurons without heat injury. In addition, brain implants enhanced the effect of RF stimulation resulting in reversible behavioral changes. Using an optical temperature measurement system, we found greater than tenfold increase in brain temperature in the vicinity of the implant. On the one hand, our results underline the importance of careful safety assessment for brain implanted devices, but on the other hand, we also show that metal implants may be used for neurostimulation if brain temperature can be kept within safe limits.

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“…reed switch, Hall-effect sensor, giant magnetosensitive resistors, or telemetry coils) that respond to external magnetic fields. EMI with other AIMDs such as deep brain stimulators (DBS), and neurostimulators for spine and cochlear implants remains uninvestigated [ 21 ]. For both CIEDs and DBSs, implantation sides and pocket areas used for the implantable pulse generator (IPG), which includes the power source, and the programmable module are placed in close proximity to the body surface, and in a potentially short distance from an external ECP equipped with a permanent magnet.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Fidelity 3D Stray Magnetic Field Mapping of Smartphones to Address Safety Considerations with Active Implantable Electronic Medical Devices

Saha

Millward

Herrmann

et al. 2023

Sensors

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Case reports indicate that magnets in smartphones could be a source of electromagnetic interference (EMI) for active implantable medical devices (AIMD), which could lead to device malfunction, compromising patient safety. Recognizing this challenge, we implemented a high-fidelity 3D magnetic field mapping (spatial resolution 1 mm) setup using a three-axis Hall probe and teslameter, controlled by a robot (COSI Measure). With this setup, we examined the stray magnetic field of an iPhone 13 Pro, iPhone 12, and MagSafe charger to identify sources of magnetic fields for the accurate risk assessment of potential interferences with AIMDs. Our measurements revealed that the stray fields of the annular array of magnets, the wide-angle camera, and the speaker of the smartphones exceeded the 1 mT limit defined by ISO 14117:2019. Our data-driven safety recommendation is that an iPhone 13 Pro should be kept at least 25 mm away from an AIMD to protect it from unwanted EMI interactions. Our study addresses safety concerns due to potential device–device interactions between smartphones and AIMDs and will help to define data-driven safety guidelines. We encourage vendors of electronic consumer products (ECP) to provide information on the magnetic fields of their products and advocate for the inclusion of smartphones in the risk assessment of EMI with AIMDs.

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Deep brain stimulation and electromagnetic interference

Cited by 38 publications

References 49 publications

Transcranial Focused Ultrasound Neuromodulation: A Review of the Excitatory and Inhibitory Effects on Brain Activity in Human and Animals

Transcranial Focused Ultrasound Neuromodulation: A Review of the Excitatory and Inhibitory Effects on Brain Activity in Human and Animals

Brain-implanted conductors amplify radiofrequency fields in rodents: advantages and risks

High-Fidelity 3D Stray Magnetic Field Mapping of Smartphones to Address Safety Considerations with Active Implantable Electronic Medical Devices

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