Deep brain stimulation in Parkinson’s disease

Abstract

Throughout the past decade, there has been a marked increase in surgical therapies, primarily deep brain stimulation (DBS), for the treatment of advanced Parkinson's disease (PD). DBS of the thalamus has been shown to be effective in reducing parkinsonian tremor; however, it is not the treatment of choice for PD given the progression of other symptoms such as rigidity and bradykinesia. Stimulation of the globus pallidus or the subthalamic nucleus is safe and efficacious in the long-term treatment of all cardinal symptoms of PD, and they are currently the surgeries of choice. Serious adverse events with DBS can occur in 1% to 2% of patients, infection in 5% to 8% of patients, and hardware complications in approximately 25% of patients. Complications associated with DBS are related to the experience of the surgical center. Referring physicians and patients should be aware of the number of surgical procedures and complication rates of any prospective surgical center.

Applications of Piezoelectricity in Nanomedicine

“…From among the already mentioned applications in regenerative medicine, the concept of a "wireless" stimulation mediated by piezoelectric materials could find several applications in life sciences wherever electrical stimulation is needed, e.g., deep brain stimulation [99], gastric stimulation for gastroparesis [100], cardiac pacing for various cardiac arythmias [101], skeletal muscle stimulation in various neuropathies [102], etc.…”

Practice Parameter: Treatment of Parkinson disease with motor fluctuations and dyskinesia (an evidence-based review): [RETIRED]

“…6 The three primary targets for DBS for PD are the ventral intermediate (VIM) nucleus of the thalamus, globus pallidus interna (GPi), and the subthalamic nucleus (STN). The IPG is programmed externally from several days to 4 to 6 weeks after implantation.…”

Inter-Racial, Gender and Aging Influences in the Length of Anterior Commissure-Posterior Commissure Line

“…Since the transition from animal neurophysiological experiments to the clinical use of stereotaxy in human was made by Spiegel and Wycis in the spring of 1947, neurosurgeons were able to solve the problem of variability in the relation between external skull landmark and intracerebral target by the use of intracerebral reference points proved to be invaluable in the development of human stereotaxis 21) . Talairach published two atlases 34) , L'atlas d'anatomie stléréotaxique in 1957 and L'exploration stléréotaxique du télencéphale in 1967 26) .…”