Deep Eutectic Solvents-Based Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Antioxidants from Kudingcha (llex kudingcha C.J. Tseng): Process Optimization and Comparison with Other Methods

Abstract

Kudingcha (KDC) is an important tea substitute containing abundant antioxidants. Herein, a ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) technique based on deep eutectic solvents (DESs) was applied to optimize the total phenolic/total flavonoid content (TPC/TFC) from the KDC extracts. Results indicated that DES composed of L-proline and glycerol (Pro-Gly) had excellent extraction performance for TPC, TFC, ABTS•+ and FRAP, which were significantly better than other solvents. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to obtain optimal extraction parameters for simultaneously maximizing the TPC, TFC and antioxidant activity. Results revealed that water content in Pro-Gly, liquid to solid ratio (L/S), ultrasonic temperature and extraction time were the major influence factors of the TPC, TFC, ABTS•+ and FRAP of the KDC extracts. The optimal conditions included water content in Pro-Gly of 46.4%, L/S of 25:1 (mL/g), ultrasonic temperature of 55°C and extraction time of 50 min. Meanwhile, HPLC-MS/MS was adopted to identify the KDC extracts, which revealed the presence of major phytochemicals, including 5-chlorogenic acid, 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid, kaempferol 3-rutinoside, myricetin and isorhamnetin. Moreover, UAE–Pro-Gly achieved further higher individual phenolics contents, TPC, TFC, ABTS•+ and FRAP than other methods. In conclusion, UAE–Pro-Gly is a highly efficient method for extraction of phenolic antioxidants from KDC.

Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Celtuce (Lactuca sativa var. augustana) Leaves Using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADES): Process Optimization and Extraction Mechanism Research

“…As a component of NADES, water not only reduces the viscosity of NADES and increases mass transfer efficiency of the solvent [20], but also enables NADES to form a stronger hydrogen bond network [21]. In terms of the selection of HBAs, we chose the common choline chloride, L-proline and betaine as the three major systems in this study [22]. Regarding the selection of HBDs, the extraction rate of phenolic compounds by sugar-based NADES is lower than that of polyol-based, organic acid-based and amide-based NADES [23].…”

“…The literature shows that isoquercitrin will lose glucoside and form an aglycone ion fragment of m/z In order to better explore the mechanism of Pr-LA's extraction of phenolic compounds, we used LC-MS to identify the phenolic compounds in CLs. Li et al reported that different extraction methods will lead to different types of extracted phenolic compounds [22]. However, using the same extraction method, NADESs do not destroy the structure of the compounds but only increase the extracted content of the compounds [41].…”