“…In contrast to classical machine learning, which can be applied only to transformed image data, the benefit of deep learning is its ability to process raw image data (LeCun et al, 2015;Moen et al, 2019). This led to increasing importance of deep learning in biology and medicine supporting, first, bioinformatics analysis of protein function and prediction of pathway-related gene function (Le et al, 2018(Le et al, , 2019Al-Ajlan and El Allali, 2019) and, second, diverse image-centred applications, such as segmentation, feature enhancement and recognition, and classification tasks, for optimised workflow in medical diagnosis (Esteva et al, 2017;Kermany et al, 2018;Alom et al, 2019;Tsochatzidis et al, 2019;Black et al, 2020), as well as reconstruction of superresolutional fluorescence images (Weigert et al, 2018;Belthangady and Royer, 2019) or cytometric high content analysis and phenotyping (Scheeder et al, 2018;Yao et al, 2019).…”