Defensive strategies in Geranium sylvaticum. Part 1: Organ-specific distribution of water-soluble tannins, flavonoids and phenolic acids

Bio-guided fractionation of extracts of Geranium robertianum L.: Relationship between phenolic profile and biological activity

“…The different chromatographic retention times of compounds 14, 15 and 18, presenting the same molecular mass, strongly suggests that they correspond to distinct isomers. These compounds have also been reported in different Geranium species (Okuda et al, 2000;Tuominen, 2013;Tuominen et al, 2013) and previously reported by us in G. robertianum (Graça et al, 2016b (m/z at 935) might point to a galloyl-bis-HHDP-glucose, although a different fragmentation pattern was described (Dias et al, 2015;Hanhineva et al, 2008). However, the presence of two HHDP moieties in its structure was supported by the loss of an HHDP fragment (302 Da, from the transition 935 > 633), together with the observation of a product ion at m/z 301.…”

“…− at m/z 335) was tentatively identified as a caffeoylshikimic acid due to its similar fragmentation pattern described by Al-Ayed (2015) and Bastos et al (2007 Tuominen, 2013;Tuominen et al, 2013). In this work, the lower compositional complexity of the fractions obtained compared with the whole extracts turned possible the identification of more than two dozens of compounds, mostly quercetin and kampferol glycosides, phenolic acids and galloyl tannins (Table 1), which, to the best of our knowlege, have not hitherto been reported in G. robertianum.…”

“…In each of the fractions FA4, FA5 and FA8 compound 14, an isomer of geraniin, was the second most abundant compound present (9.3, 26.6 and 15.1 mg/g, respectively, Table 3). Geraniin has been described as the main phenolic compound in various Geranium species (Harborne and Williams, 2002;Okuda et al, 1980Okuda et al, , 1979Okuda et al, , 2000Piwowarski et al, 2014;Tuominen, 2013;Tuominen et al, 2013;Wu et al, 2011) and is endowed with several beneficial biological activities (Cheng et al, 2017). Apart from the identified ellagitannins, FA8 showed to contain also some phenolic acids and flavonoids.…”

Distribution and content of ellagitannins in Finnish plant species

“…In this study, both of the Geranium species, i.e. meadow cranesbill (Geranium pratense) and wood cranesbill (Geranium sylvaticum) had high ET content (>90 mg g À1 of the crude extract) and the main ETs detected were geraniin (24) (28% in meadow cranesbill and 19% in wood cranesbill) and ascorgeraniin (25) (or elaeocarpusin; 11% in both species), which is a condensation product of ascorbic acid and geraniin (Okuda et al, 1986;Tuominen et al, 2013). In addition to these, minor quantities of other glucopyranose-based compounds, such as corilagin (23) and geraniinic acid B/C (26/ 27), were detected.…”

Identification, quantification, spatiotemporal distribution and genetic variation of major latex secondary metabolites in the common dandelion (Taraxacum officinale agg.)

“…Interestingly, the concentration of TA-G and of the major di-PIE (1) decreased at the onset of flowering. Furthermore, the abundance of one minor unidentified triterpene acetate (TritAc A, retention time = 17.3 min, Fig While age-and organ-specific secondary metabolite patterns are well documented (Brown et al, 2003;Gaia et al, 2014;Lubbe et al, 2013;Tuominen et al, 2013), few studies so far have investigated variation of latex metabolites in this context (Rasmann et al, 2009). Two evolutionary scenarios are commonly discussed to explain variation among organs.…”