Deficiency and excess in dietary vitamin K3 negatively affect gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) larvae performance and bone health

Interaction between Dietary Vitamin D3 and Vitamin K3 in Gilthead Seabream Larvae (Sparus aurata) in Relation to Growth and Expression of Bone Development-Related Genes

“…On the other hand, the highest supplementation levels of vitamins D 3 and K 3 (0.40/170 mg/kg) caused an imbalance in the expression of some bone biomarkers, significantly reduced larval survival rate (7.92% vs. 28.39%), and induced the weakest and deformed larvae. Moreover, the supplementation levels of vitamins D 3 and K 3 tested in the present study were lower than those inducing skeletal anomalies in the previous studies [ 57 ]. Nevertheless, further studies should be conducted to find out the potential interaction between these two vitamins in relation to the occurrence of skeletal anomalies.…”

“…There is much evidence that, particularly during early developmental stages, both vitamin D and K are necessary for the formation of strong bones and the prevention of skeletal anomalies [ 38 , 53 , 78 ]. Besides, feeding gilthead seabream with high levels of vitamin D 3 leads to cranial malformations [ 32 ], whereas excessive levels of vitamin K 3 cause a high incidence of kyphosis [ 57 ]. In the present study, despite the imbalance found in the relative expression of bone health related genes and their significant differences among larvae fed different vitamin supplementation levels, no significant differences were found in the incidence of skeletal anomalies.…”

“…Seven experimental microdiets of isoproteic (64.8 ± 0.56%) and isolipidic (20.48 ± 0.52%) contents were prepared containing four different levels of vitamin D 3 (VD—cholecalciferol) (Sigma-Aldrich, CAS-67970) combined with two different levels of vitamin K 3 (VK—menadione) (Sigma-Aldrich, CAS-58275) and one deficient diet (nonsupplemented) ( Table 2 ). The chosen dietary vitamin levels were based on our previous study in gilthead seabream larvae fed different level of dietary vitamin D 3 [ 32 ] and vitamin K 3 [ 57 ]. The microdiets were prepared by grinding and sieving the ingredients below 125 microns.…”

“…However, the combined effect of dietary vitamins D and K has not yet been studied in gilthead seabream larvae, despite its importance to understand the versatile functions of these vitamins in growth and skeletal development. Thus, considering that our previous studies determining the dietary vitamin D 3 [ 32 ] and vitamin K 3 [ 57 ] requirements in gilthead seabream larvae pave the way to study the interaction between both vitamins, the present study is aimed at understanding the potential interaction between vitamin D 3 and vitamin K 3 in gilthead seabream larvae concerning larval performance and expression of selected genes related to bone development and calcium regulation.…”

Synergistic Effect of Dietary Supplementation with Sodium Butyrate, β-Glucan and Vitamins on Growth Performance, Cortisol Level, Intestinal Microbiome and Expression of Immune-Related Genes in Juvenile African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus)

“…However, the appropriate level of vitamin K contributes to the synthesis of blood coagulation factors and the regulation of calcium levels, thus influencing the proper development of the skeleton. The dose of required vitamin K in the diet depends on the species but has not been determined for African catfish [58].…”