Defining pathological social withdrawal: proposed diagnostic criteria for hikikomori

Kato, Takahiro A.; Kanba, Shigenobu; Teo, Alan R.

doi:10.1002/wps.20705

Cited by 101 publications

(169 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…We have proposed that Table 1. Revised diagnostic criteria for hikikomori (cited and modified from Kato et al 33 ) [Definition] Hikikomori is a form of pathological social withdrawal or social isolation whose essential feature is physical isolation in one's home. The person must meet the following criteria:…”

Section: Multidimensional Model Of Hikikomori Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hikikomori : Multidimensional understanding, assessment, and future international perspectives

Kato

Kanba

Teo

2019

Psychiatry Clin Neurosci

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182

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Hikikomori, a severe form of social withdrawal, has long been observed in Japan mainly among youth and adolescents since around the 1970s, and has been especially highlighted since the late 1990s. Moreover, hikikomori‐like cases have recently been reported in many other countries. Hikikomori negatively influences not only the individual's mental health and social participation, but also wider education and workforce stability, and as such is a novel urgent global issue. In this review, we introduce the history, definition, diagnostic evaluation, and interventions for hikikomori and also the international prevalence of hikikomori outside Japan. We propose a hypothesis regarding the globalization of hikikomori based on domestic and international perspectives. In addition, we introduce our latest assessment system for hikikomori (including the latest version of the ‘proposed diagnostic criteria of hikikomori for the future DSM/ICD diagnostic systems’) and propose therapeutic strategies, including family approaches and individualized therapies. Finally, we present future challenges that may lead to solutions for an internationalized hikikomori.

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Section: Multidimensional Model Of Hikikomori Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hikikomori : Multidimensional understanding, assessment, and future international perspectives

Kato

Kanba

Teo

2019

Psychiatry Clin Neurosci

Self Cite

182

271

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“…Just recently, we developed a draft set of international hikikomori criteria, which defines the severity as mild, moderate, or severe depending on whether the person leaves home up to 3 days a week, one or fewer days per week, or rarely leaves a single room. 6 Individuals experiencing COVID-19-related social isolation may be measured using the same scale; however, it should be recognized that individuals with hikikomori avoid social situations voluntarily, while COVID-19-related social isolation may be enforced by government restrictions and/or due to an individual's fears of infection.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Most of the offenders are treated in the ordinary psychiatric residential facilities, which in our region treat 2500 patients, with about 10% of them offenders. 5 With the start of the COVID-19 Phase 1, characterized by the total lockdown of the population, an operational procedure adapted from the guidelines laid down at the national level by the National Health Authority 6 was prepared in Piedmont specifically for the two local REMS. The application of these regulations has led to various modifications, some of which are particularly significant.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Forced social isolation due to COVID‐19 and consequent mental health problems: Lessons from hikikomori

Kato

Sartorius

Shinfuku

2020

Psychiatry Clin Neurosci

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“…In addition, significant functional impairment or distress must be associated with the social isolation (Kato et al 2019). Signs of hikikomori typically start presenting during adolescence or early adulthood, although onset in older adults has also been reported (Kato et al 2020). The number of hikikomori aged between 15 and 39 years is estimated at approximately 541,000 in Japan (Cabinet Office 2016), with increasing international reports of this phenomenon (Pozza et al 2019).…”

Section: Hikikomori Phenomenonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hikikomori from the Perspective of Overuse, Underuse, and Optimal Use of Character Strengths: Case Reports

Matsuguma¹,

Niemiec

2020

Int J Appl Posit Psychol

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Hikikomori, or social withdrawal youth has become one of the most pressing social issues in Japan and this phenomenon is increasing in other countries as well. While there is a movement to pathologize this phenomenon as a new psychological disorder, these case reports provide a fresh perspective of hikikomori using the lens of character strengths in the scientific field of positive psychology. These case reports illustrate how the hikikomori phenomenon can be understood, at least in part, using the framework of character strengths overuse, underuse, and optimal use by conducting the character strengths intervention for hikikomori youth. The authors offer examples of combinations of overuse and underuse of character strengths, with particular attention to the unique signature strengths, among hikikomori youth. Future directions of research include an empirical investigation of the relationship between the hikikomori phenomenon and the notion of overuse, underuse, and optimal use of character strengths, potentially using research methodology.

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Defining pathological social withdrawal: proposed diagnostic criteria for hikikomori

Cited by 101 publications

References 7 publications

Hikikomori : Multidimensional understanding, assessment, and future international perspectives

Hikikomori : Multidimensional understanding, assessment, and future international perspectives

Forced social isolation due to COVID‐19 and consequent mental health problems: Lessons from hikikomori

Hikikomori from the Perspective of Overuse, Underuse, and Optimal Use of Character Strengths: Case Reports

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