Definition of green synthetic tools based on safer reaction media, heterogeneous catalysis, and flow technology

Vaccaro, Luigi; Curini, Massimo; Ferlin, Francesco; Lanari, Daniela; Marrocchi, Assunta; Piermatti, Oriana; Trombettoni, Valeria

doi:10.1515/pac-2017-0409

Cited by 30 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 98 publications

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“…55−60 Therefore, in our research plan, we have also directed our attention toward the use of safer recoverable and reusable azeotropic mixtures that, to the best of our knowledge, have never been used to date for C(sp 3 )−H activation processes and in our opinion could offer several advantages in terms of overall sustainability. 61,62 Similarly, it has already been reported by our and other research groups 63−65 that flow technology can be a powerful tool when combined with the use of a heterogeneous catalyst as it can improve its stability and minimize possible metal leaching. 66−69 In addition, downstream flow can be processed with a variety of technologies facilitating the isolation of pure products in a wasteless fashion.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 70%

Waste-Minimized Continuous-Flow Synthesis of Oxindoles Exploiting a Polymer-Supported N Heterocyclic Palladium Carbene Complex in a CPME/Water Azeotrope

Salameh

Ferlin

Valentini

et al. 2022

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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Herein, we report the development of an effective synthetic protocol for the synthesis of oxindoles in flow based on a C(sp 3 )−H activation process promoted by a supported Nheterocyclic carbene palladium heterogeneous catalytic system using cyclopentyl methyl ether (CPME) as the reaction medium. The design of the catalyst, the selection of the solvent medium, and the definition of a tailored continuous flow reactor have been all designed to establish an efficient waste-minimized process for the intramolecular cyclization of N-methyl-2-halo-acetanilides. The use of CPME in its aqueous azeotropic mixture has allowed us to reach high yields of products with a simplified precipitation workup that includes the downstream process separation and recycling of the solvent. An assessment of the environmental and safety hazard features has also been made in order to better clarify the implications in terms of sustainability of the newly developed process.

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Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 70%

Waste-Minimized Continuous-Flow Synthesis of Oxindoles Exploiting a Polymer-Supported N Heterocyclic Palladium Carbene Complex in a CPME/Water Azeotrope

Salameh

Ferlin

Valentini

et al. 2022

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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“…A very useful tool to steer sustainable flow protocols is the implementation of heterogeneous catalysts − in combination with the use of biomass- or waste-derived chemicals, mainly used as solvents. − In this section, two examples have been selected in which, by the evaluation of green metrics, the improvements of environmental efficiency have been quantified.…”

Section: Green Chemistry Metrics and Application In Flow Synthesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative Sustainability Assessment of Flow Chemistry–From Simple Metrics to Holistic Assessment

Hessel

Escribà‐Gelonch

Bricout

et al. 2021

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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Flow chemistry has changed chemical process designs toward process intensification and is generally considered as green methodology. In this connection, this perspective provides a more critical and holistic view about the sustainability of flow chemistry by introducing both simple and complex holistic tools for environmental quantitative assessment on sustainability and providing examples of how they were used for flow chemistry. The latter also shows a critical assessment of what flow chemistry can add to make chemical processes more sustainable. With the increasing complexity of assessment, green chemistry metrics, life cycle assessment methodology, and circular transition indicators are discussed. In this way, the sustainability of flow chemistry is assessed first on the level of a reaction only and then moving to a process level and beyond. Flow chemists are very aware of the principles of green chemistry and their simple metrics. Yet, they hardly use life cycle assessment, and quantitative circularity analysis has not been made. When those assessments are used, it is usually done by researchers with an ecology background. This perspective aims to make flow chemists aware of the opportunities that complex environmental assessment can provide and that protecting our planet requires a holistic sustainability consideration. The perspective critically states what each of the three types of assessments can do and what their limitations are.

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“…The use of solvent-free conditions or alternative green solvents to classical organic solvents such as water, solvent derived from lignocellulosic biomass valorization (carbonates, esters, amides, alcohols) or from industrial waste (PolarClean) in combination with continuous flow technologies and an activation with microwave or ultrasound radiation, contributes to the achievement of low-cost and environmentally sustainable processes [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Green Synthesis of Pd Nanoparticles for Sustainable and Environmentally Benign Processes

Piermatti

2021

Catalysts

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Among transition metal nanoparticles, palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) are recognized for their high catalytic activity in a wide range of organic transformations that are of academic and industrial importance. The increased interest in environmental issues has led to the development of various green approaches for the preparation of efficient, low-cost and environmentally sustainable Pd-nanocatalysts. Environmentally friendly solvents, non-toxic reducing reagents, biodegradable capping and stabilizing agents and energy-efficient synthetic methods are the main aspects that have been taken into account for the production of Pd nanoparticles in a green approach. This review provides an overview of the fundamental approaches used for the green synthesis of PdNPs and their catalytic application in sustainable processes as cross-coupling reactions and reductions with particular attention afforded to the recovery and reuse of the palladium nanocatalyst, from 2015 to the present.

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Definition of green synthetic tools based on safer reaction media, heterogeneous catalysis, and flow technology

Cited by 30 publications

References 98 publications

Waste-Minimized Continuous-Flow Synthesis of Oxindoles Exploiting a Polymer-Supported N Heterocyclic Palladium Carbene Complex in a CPME/Water Azeotrope

Waste-Minimized Continuous-Flow Synthesis of Oxindoles Exploiting a Polymer-Supported N Heterocyclic Palladium Carbene Complex in a CPME/Water Azeotrope

Quantitative Sustainability Assessment of Flow Chemistry–From Simple Metrics to Holistic Assessment

Green Synthesis of Pd Nanoparticles for Sustainable and Environmentally Benign Processes

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