Deflagration to Detonation Transition in Chemical Rockets with Sudden Expansion/Divergence Regions

Kumar, VR Sanal; Chandrasekaran, Nichith; Sankar, Vigneshwaran; Sukumaran, Ajith; Nejaamtheen, Mohammed Niyasdeen; Doddi, Hema Sai Nagaraju; M, Sulthan Ariff Rahman; Baskaran, Roshan Vignesh; moorthi, Anand; Mohan, E; Mariappan, Amrith; Thianesh, U K; Pradeep, Rahul; R, Ajay M

doi:10.2514/6.2020-3520

Cited by 8 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…The tearing depends on the memory effects (stroke history) and the thermoviscoelastic properties of the vessel. This basic interdisciplinary research review paper, which originated from chemical rocket science, [ 1,10,39,59 ] aims to discover the fundamental cause(s) of bleeding while taking blood‐thinning drugs and propose possible solutions for reducing the risk of internal flow choking causing asymptomatic hemorrhage and acute heart failure. In a nutshell, the proof of the concept of Sanal flow choking in cardiovascular‐system leading to asymptomatic hemorrhage and acute heart failure is established herein through closed‐form analytical methodology, in vitro study and in silico modeling, which are briefly reviewed in the subsequent sections.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

RETRACTED: Lopsided Blood‐Thinning Drug Increases the Risk of Internal Flow Choking Leading to Shock Wave Generation Causing Asymptomatic Cardiovascular Disease

et al. 2021

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The discovery of Sanal flow choking in the cardiovascular‐system calls for multidisciplinary and global action to develop innovative treatments and to develop new drugs to negate the risk of asymptomatic‐cardiovascular‐diseases. Herein, it is shown that when blood‐pressure‐ratio (BPR) reaches the lower‐critical‐hemorrhage‐index (LCHI) internal‐flow‐choking and shock wave generation can occur in the cardiovascular‐system, with sudden expansion/divergence/vasospasm or bifurcation regions, without prejudice to the percutaneous‐coronary‐intervention (PCI). Analytical findings reveal that the relatively high and the low blood‐viscosity are cardiovascular‐risk factors. In vitro studies have shown that nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide gases are dominant in fresh blood samples of humans/guinea pigs at a temperature range of 98.6–104 F. An in silico study demonstrated the Sanal flow choking phenomenon leading to shock‐wave generation and pressure‐overshoot in the cardiovascular‐system. It has been established that disproportionate blood‐thinning treatment increases the risk of the internal‐flow‐choking due to the enhanced boundary‐layer‐blockage‐factor, resulting from an increase in flow‐turbulence level in the cardiovascular‐system, caused by an increase in Reynolds number as a consequence of low blood‐viscosity. The cardiovascular‐risk can be diminished by concurrently lessening the viscosity of biofluid/blood and flow‐turbulence by raising the thermal‐tolerance‐level in terms of blood‐heat‐capacity‐ratio (BHCR) and/or by decreasing the systolic‐to‐diastolic blood‐pressure‐ratio.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

RETRACTED: Lopsided Blood‐Thinning Drug Increases the Risk of Internal Flow Choking Leading to Shock Wave Generation Causing Asymptomatic Cardiovascular Disease

et al. 2021

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“…In a nutshell, we have proved conclusively that the high-BHCR reduces the risk of flow choking as dictated by Eq.1, which is an indisputable physical condition, without any ex vivo or in vivo model support, for prohibiting asymptomatic stroke in any vessel [20][21][22][23]. We concluded that for a healthylife all subjects with high-BPR inevitably have high-BHCR for reducing the risk of the internal flow choking (biofluid/Sanal-flow-choking) triggering the AHF due to the shock wave generation and pressure overshoot (36)(37)(38)(39). We corroborated herein that, the AHF is a transient episode and not an illness.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Very Low and High Blood Viscosity Are Risk Factors for Internal Flow Choking Causing Asymptomatic Cardiovascular Disease

Kumar

Choudhary

Radhakrishnan

et al. 2021

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BackgroundThe truly popular consequence of management with the blood-thinning-drug, causation of lower blood-viscosity (BV), is bleeding and very frequently asymptomatic-hemorrhage (AH) and the acute-heart-failure (AHF) happen without any preceding symptoms.ObjectivesOur aim was to develop an infallible closed-form analytical model for demonstrating the proof of the concept of the Sanal flow choking in cardiovascular system (CVS) causing AH and AHF by correlating the blood pressure ratio (BPR), biofluid/blood-heat-capacity-ratio(BHCR), blood viscosity(BV), stenosis (in terms of vessel cross-sectional area (VCA)) and ejection fraction(EF). For establishing the proof of the concept we were planned in vitro and in silico studies. MethodsThe closed-form-analytical-methodology is used herein to establish the proof of the concept of Sanal-flow-choking. In vitro method is invoked for the speciation analyses of blood samples of healthy subjects (human being/Guinea pig) for the BHCR estimation. In silico method is used for demonstrating the asymptomatic pressure-overshoot in an artery due to the Sanal flow choking and shock wave generation. ResultsThe closed-form analytical, in vitro and in silico results are presented herein to establish the proof of the concept of internal flow choking in CVS causing cardiovascular risk without prejudice to the percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The analytical models reveal that the relatively high and low BV are risk factors of AH and AHF. In vitro study shows that nitrogen(N2), oxygen(O2), carbon dioxide(CO2) and argon(Ar) gases are predominant in fresh-blood samples of the healthy human-being and Guinea-pig at a temperature range of 37-400 C (98.6-1040 F), which increases the risk of flow-choking leading to AH and AHF. The thermal-tolerance level in terms of BHCR of Guinea-pig is found higher than the human being. In silico results demonstrated the Sanal flow choking and shock wave generation in an artery with the divergent/bifurcation region. ConclusionsAn overdose of blood-thinning drug for reducing the blood-viscosity(BV) augments Reynolds number leading to high-turbulence and enhanced boundary-layer-blockage(BLB), which increases the chances of cavitation and the Sanal-flow-choking leading to the shock wave and pressure-overshoot causing memory effect (stroke history) in viscoelastic vessels. Designing the precise blood-thinning regimen is vital for attaining the desired therapeutic efficacy and negating undesirable flow-choking leading to AH and AHF. Herein we established that the disproportionate blood-thinning treatment increases the risk of the Sanal-flow-choking due to the enhanced BLB factor. The cardiovascular risk could be diminished by concurrently lessening the BV and flow turbulence by rising thermal-tolerance-level in terms of BHCR or by decreasing the BPR. Condensed AbstractHerein, we provide a proof of the concept to establish that such asymptomatic diseases are due to the boundary-layer-blockage (BLB) induced flow choking (Sanal-flow-choking) at a critical blood-pressure-ratio (BPR). When the pressure of the nanoscale-fluid increases, average-mean-free-path decreases and thus, the Knudsen number reduces leading to a no-slip boundary condition with compressible-viscous (CV) flow effect. Sanal-flow-choking is a CV flow effect creating a physical situation of the sonic-fluid-throat, at a critical BPR. We concluded that AH and AHF are transient-events due to flow-choking, and not an illness. The cardiovascular risk could be diminished by concurrently lessening the BV and flow turbulence by rising thermal-tolerance-level in terms of BHCR or by decreasing the BPR.

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“…It is appropriate to mention here that, the simulation of chemical reaction mechanisms containing shock waves and detonation reported in the open literature are not unique. [2] Therefore, we deliberately set aside the reacting ow simulation in this fundamental pilot study for establishing one of the basic causes of DDT in the internal ow system. Figure 6(a-c) and Figure 7(a-f) show the in silico result highlighting the axial Mach number variations, sharp pressure spike and diminishing shock waves at the downstream region of the duct with bifurcation due to the Sanal ow choking and streamtube ow choking.…”

Section: In Silico Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The result of this study is a strong exposition to the industry for the elimination of the detonation in any energy system with con dence, which was an unknown fact to the scienti c communities for several decades. [1][2][3][4][86][87][88][89][90][91] Using the exact solution reported herein a detonation free energy system could be devised authoritatively by regulating the in ow condition, selecting the uid viscosity, HCR and the average wallfriction coe cient based on the upstream length-to-diameter ratio of the ow system for achieving the condition LCDI > (P total /P static ) uid-throat . In other words, we can reduce the risk of DDT by increasing the HCR.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Physics of Detonation Chemistry: A Radical Theory in Predicting the Deflagration to Detonation Transition

Kumar¹,

Chandrasekaran²,

Sankar³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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The theoretical finding of the Sanal-flow-choking [PMCID: PMC7267099] is a methodological advancement in predicting the deflagration-to-detonation-transition (DDT) in the real-world-fluid flows (continuum/non-continuum) with credibility.[1,2] Herein, we provide a proof of the concept of the Sanal-flow-choking and streamtube-flow-choking causing DDT in wall-bounded and free-external flows. Once the streamlines compacted, the considerable pressure difference attains inside the streamtube and the flow gets accelerated to the constricted region for satisfying the continuity condition set by the conservation law of nature. If the shape of the streamtube in the internal/external flow is similar to the convergent-divergent (CD) duct the phenomenon of the Sanal-flow-choking and supersonic flow development occurs at a critical-total-to-static pressure ratio (CPR) in yocto to yotta scale systems and beyond, which leads to shock wave generation or detonation as the case may me. At the lower critical detonation or hemorrhage index, the CPR of the reacting flow and the critical blood-pressure-ratio (BPR) of the subjects (human being/animal) are unique functions of the heat-capacity-ratio (HCR) of the evolved gas in the CD duct. In silico results are presented herein to establish the proof of the concept of the Sanal-flow-choking and streamtube-flow-choking causing shock-wave/detonation in diabatic flow systems and asymptomatic-hemorrhagic-stroke in biological systems. The physics of detonation chemistry presented herein sheds light for exploring supernova explosions.[107]

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Deflagration to Detonation Transition in Chemical Rockets with Sudden Expansion/Divergence Regions

Cited by 8 publications

References 15 publications

RETRACTED: Lopsided Blood‐Thinning Drug Increases the Risk of Internal Flow Choking Leading to Shock Wave Generation Causing Asymptomatic Cardiovascular Disease

RETRACTED: Lopsided Blood‐Thinning Drug Increases the Risk of Internal Flow Choking Leading to Shock Wave Generation Causing Asymptomatic Cardiovascular Disease

Very Low and High Blood Viscosity Are Risk Factors for Internal Flow Choking Causing Asymptomatic Cardiovascular Disease

The Physics of Detonation Chemistry: A Radical Theory in Predicting the Deflagration to Detonation Transition

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