“…The phenomenon of the domain inversion in LiNbO 3 in the course of a heat treatment near the Curie point was discovered by Ohnishi [32]. For the first time, large-area bidomain lithium niobate (b-LN) wafers were produced by Nakamura et al [33,34] and then investigated by numerous researchers [33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46]. Initially, b-LN single crystals were proposed as a possible replacement of composite bimorphs, glued by epoxy resins in precise movement systems, and for energy harvesting applications [33,34,39,40,41,47,48].…”