Deliberate self-harm in adolescents screening positive for attention-deficit / hyperactivity disorder: a population-based study

Abstract

Background Adolescents with attention-deficit / hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have an increased risk of self-harm. The risk of self-harm among adolescents who display an elevated level of ADHD symptoms, but without a formal diagnosis, is not well-studied and understood. Objective To investigate the relationship between self-reported symptoms of ADHD and self-harm in a population-based sample of adolescents. Methods Adolescents in the population-based youth@hordaland study were invited to complete the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS) and the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (SMFQ). They were asked whether they ever deliberately have taken an overdose or tried to harm themselves on purpose, once or multiple times, defined according to the code used in the Child and Adolescent Self-harm in Europe (CASE) Study. Adolescents reporting severe problems on ≥ four of six selected items on the ASRS-v 1.1 screener were defined as ADHD-screen positive (ADHD-SC+), and the remaining sample as ADHD-screen negative (ADHD-SC-). SMFQ score ≥ 12 was used to define a high level of depressive symptoms. Results A total of 9692 adolescents (mean age 17.4 years, 53.1% females) participated in the study, of which 2390 (24.7%) screened positive on the ASRS. ADHD-SC+ adolescents engaged in self-harm more often than the ADHD-SC- group (14.6% vs. 5.4%, OR = 3.02, 95%CI [2.57–3.24]). This remained significant after adjustment for demographic variables, SMFQ score ≥ 12, symptoms of conduct disorder and familial history of self-harm and suicide attempts (OR = 1.58, 95%CI [1.31–1.89]). They were also more likely to report an overdose as their method of self-harm (OR = 1.52, 95%CI [1.05–2.23]). Within the ADHD-SC+ group female sex, high levels of inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms, SMFQ score ≥ 12, symptoms indicating conduct disorder and familial history of self-harm and suicide attempts increased the likelihood of engaging in deliberate self-harm. Conclusion Adolescents who screened positive for ADHD had increased risk of engaging in self-harm. Clinicians should consider the increased risk of such engagement in adolescents who present with high level of ADHD symptoms, even in the absence of a clinical ADHD diagnosis.