Delimitacja przygranicznych obszarów problemowych = The delimitation of problem border areas

Abstract

While border areas are usually perceived as peripheral in nature, denoting only a limited level of economic development, it is clear that a border location might also be in a position to offer measurable benefit. In that context, work described here in relation to Poland has focused in on: (1) the delimitation of border areas; and (2) an identification and subdivision of units into those whose location by a state border brings either positive or negative economic consequences. The criterion applied most often in designating border areas is administrative (cf. Kałuski, 1990), with different hierarchical levels referred to (e.g. the NUTS 3 where pursuit of the EU policy on Territorial Cooperation is concerned; or LAU 2 where the need is to designate areas characterised by small-scale border traffic, with account then taken of the criterion of distance of a given administrative unit from the border). Alongside the administrative, a second main criterion relates simply to physical distance from a border, and usually gains application in denoting a zone of particularly intensive scrutiny by the Border Guard and other state services such as the Customs Administration (e.g. in the United States). Use of this criterion actually does much to hinder scientific research, given the lack of concordance with units of administration. Neither of the divisions referred to above embraces real functional linkages, while the real-life zone of impact of a border is likely to be indicated by just such linkages, of a socioeconomic nature, and specific in the sense that other parts of a country do not manifest them (Węcławowicz et al., 2006). Such linkages would seem to offer a basis to determine, first, if border areas actually exist at all, and, second, how they can be delimited in a detailed way, by reference to multiple criteria. It is certain that a key aspect is involved here, as the attempt is made to set the benefits of a border location against the “non-benefits”. But it is clear that attention also needs to be paid to the configuration of internal interactions, as aspects of a border location become all the more unfavourable the more peripherally a given unit is located. Ultimately, it is possible to indicate which border areas are actually problem areas, and to set these apart from other areas by a border whose geographical position ensures that a border represents no barrier to development and/or does not determine peripheral status. For the above reasons, the work presented here does indeed propose a delimitation based on real economic linkage (levels of export), as well as the degree to which regional centres are accessible from the given area. The first stage of the delimitation procedure thus takes in the designation of a border area formed from a belt of Polish communes (LAU 2) “two deep”. A second stage then sees elimination from this set of those units with a favourable location vis-à-vis the nearest regional centre (s), it being assumed that the proximity of these centres helps even out any potentially negative impact of the border; as well as with a high value for the statistic regarding the value of exports to the neighbouring country (the assumption then being that such units benefit from a border location, rather than suffering as a result of it). Units left behind following the application of this procedure were deemed to be border communes of problem status, potentially in need of support if they are to develop. In the event, such units are found to be located primarily along Poland’s borders with the Russian Federation, Lithuania, Belarus and Slovakia (as opposed to Germany, the Czech Republic and Ukraine). Unsurprisingly, it is communes by the Polish-German border that are seen to benefit most from their location. The authors set other divisions and classifications already in effect against the proposal for delimitation which is offered here, along with relevant recommendations for the development of regional policy.

Borderlands in times of crisis: The possibility of de-marginalisation of the Polish border zone with Russia after the outbreak of war in Ukraine

“…In compliance with the general overview of literature, border regions are relatively often identified as peripheries (e.g. Zarycki, 2011;Böhm & Drápela, 2017;Komornicki, Wiśniewski & Miszczuk, 2019;Leutloff-Grandits, 2022). As noted by Deleixhe, Dembinska and Iglesias (2019), the peripherality of border regions is not only an outcome of their geographic distance from the centre, but also of the burden of their institutional distance with respect to the central authorities.…”

“…Independently from the modes of delimiting problem areas, the Polish border zone with Russia in the majority of studies is listed as an area at risk of permanent marginalisation (cf. Śleszyński et al, 2017;Komornicki, Wiśniewski & Miszczuk, 2019;Śleszyński, Herbst & Komornicki, 2020). In line with the conclusions formulated by Komornicki, Wiśniewski and Miszczuk (2019), the Polish-Russian border is a border of significant 'disadvantages', where all the border units require potential developmental support.…”

“…Śleszyński et al, 2017;Komornicki, Wiśniewski & Miszczuk, 2019;Śleszyński, Herbst & Komornicki, 2020). In line with the conclusions formulated by Komornicki, Wiśniewski and Miszczuk (2019), the Polish-Russian border is a border of significant 'disadvantages', where all the border units require potential developmental support. The 2030 Borderland Strategy (Strategia Pogranicza 2030 clearly stresses that the 'practically closed Polish-Russian border is a key factor for socio-economic peripherisation of the borderland, leading to its relative impoverishment, human drain and weakening of the bases of its further development.'…”

“…Reference books offer a broad array of modes of delimiting border areas based on the administrative criterion or distance from the border (cf. Sitek, 2016;Komornicki, Wiśniewski & Miszczuk, 2019). Nevertheless, the grass-roots initiatives of local authorities as part of the Association motivated the author to take up field studies.…”

Directions of change in the spatial policies of Polish border municipalities during the first year of war in Ukraine, 2022

“…Before the aggression in Ukraine, northern and eastern border areas of Poland had been the subject of exhaustive research on several occasions 1 (e.g. Miszczuk, 2013;Sitek, 2016), including as regards delimitation (Komornicki et al, 2019). In general, these parts are underdeveloped due to their peripherality, which has been exacerbated in recent years by the tense geopolitical situation and war-migration crisis, the abolition of the so-called local border traffic and the lack of trade.…”