“…The pandemic directly threatened businesses as a result of forced lockdowns and an economic downturn. Due to the key role of SMEs in innovation (Kolková & Ključnikov, 2021;Erdei et al, 2022) and the economy (Civelek et al, 2020;Civelek et al, 2021;Ključnikov et al, 2021), including export activities (Civelek & Krajčík, 2022;Ključnikov et al, 2022;Virglerova et al, 2020), their existential threat was the reason for the introduction of massive financial support schemes around the world (Oláh et al, 2019a;Oláh et al, 2019b;Torres et al, 2022). For example, a study on English companies shows that during the first and second waves of COVID-19 in 2020, up to 92.1% of the total volume of debt provided to companies was covered by the UK government, which is less than 5% under normal circumstances (Calabrese et al, 2022).…”