Demanding response time requirements on coherent receivers due to fast polarization rotations caused by lightning events

Krummrich, Peter M.; Ronnenberg, David; Schairer, Wolfgang; Wienold, Daniel; Jenau, Frank; Herrmann, M. G.

doi:10.1364/oe.24.012442

Cited by 72 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The update requirements of the dynamic equalizer depends, to a large degree, on the speed of the polarization fluctuations occurring in the fiber. Following extreme changes in the surrounding environment, such as lightening strikes, the state of polarization (SOP) can fluctuate very fast [39]. However, long-term measurements of SOP-changes in installed fiber indicates much slower changes [40].…”

Section: Dynamic Equalizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overhead-optimization of pilot-based digital signal processing for flexible high spectral efficiency transmission

et al. 2019

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We present a low-complexity fully pilot-based digital signal processing (DSP) chain designed for high spectral efficiency optical transmission systems. We study the performance of the individual pilot algorithms in simulations before demonstrating transmission of a 51×24 Gbaud PM-64QAM superchannel over distances reaching 1000 km. We present an overhead optimization technique using the system achievable information rate to find the optimal balance between increased performance and throughput reduction from adding additional DSP pilots. Using the optimal overhead of 2.4%, we report 9.3 (8.3) bits/s/Hz spectral efficiency, or equivalently 11.9 (10.6) Tb/s superchannel throughput, after 480 (960) km of transmission over 80 km spans with EDFA-only amplification. Moreover, we show that the optimum overhead depends only weakly on transmission distance, concluding that back-to-back optimization is sufficient for all studied distances. Our results show that pilot-based DSP combined with overhead optimization can increase the robustness and performance of systems using advanced modulation formats while still maintaining state-of-the-art spectral efficiency and multi-Tb/s throughput.

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Section: Dynamic Equalizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overhead-optimization of pilot-based digital signal processing for flexible high spectral efficiency transmission

et al. 2019

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“…In the polarization attack, we have switched off the intrusion signal and activated the polarization state modulator. In this operating condition, all the optical parameters of the system are the same as the baseline condition, but the polarization modulation causes transmission errors when the coherent receiver's polarization recovery algorithm is unable to track the fast polarization changes [40]. Similarly to the out-of-band attack, the polarization attack affects all the coherent OChs traversing the link where polarization modulation is applied.…”

Section: Polarization Modulation Attackmentioning

confidence: 99%

Machine Learning for Optical Network Security Monitoring: A Practical Perspective

Furdek

Natalino

Lipp³

et al. 2020

J. Lightwave Technol.

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In order to accomplish cost-efficient management of complex optical communication networks, operators are seeking automation of network diagnosis and management by means of Machine Learning (ML). To support these objectives, new functions are needed to enable cognitive, autonomous management of optical network security. This paper focuses on the challenges related to the performance of ML-based approaches for detection and localization of optical-layer attacks, and to their integration with standard Network Management Systems (NMSs). We propose a framework for cognitive security diagnostics that comprises an attack detection module with Supervised Learning (SL), Semi-Supervised Learning (SSL) and Unsupervised Learning (UL) approaches, and an attack localization module that deduces the location of a harmful connection and/or a breached link. The influence of false positives and false negatives is addressed by a newly proposed Window-based Attack Detection (WAD) approach. We provide practical implementation guidelines for the integration of the framework into the NMS and evaluate its performance in an experimental network testbed subjected to attacks, resulting with the largest optical-layer security experimental dataset reported to date.

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“…It has been shown that frequency-domain (FD) equalization, utilizing the fast Fourier transform (FFT), is more efficient than time-domain (TD) implementation [6][7][8][9][10]. However, in a practical real-time implementation of an adaptive equalizer with block-based processing, filter update delays will be induced due to the FFTs and other DSP operations in the feedback loop, which can degrade the equalizer's tracking ability, particularly during rapid SOP fluctuations [11][12][13][14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance of momentum-based frequency-domain MIMO equalizer in the presence of feedback delay

Yi¹,

Sillekens²,

Lavery³

et al. 2020

Opt. Express

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A frequency-domain multiple-input multiple-output (FD-MIMO) equalizer employing a momentum-based gradient descent update algorithm is proposed for polarization multiplexing coherent receivers. Its performance in operation with dynamically varying optical channels is investigated and the impact of filter update delays, arising from the latency of the fast Fourier transforms (FFTs) and other digital signal processing (DSP) operations in the feedback loop, is assessed. We show that the proposed momentum-based gradient descent algorithm used to control the equalizer response has significantly greater tolerance to feedback delay than the conventional gradient descent algorithm. We considered a 92 Gbaud dual-polarization 64 QAM receiver, with DSP operating at two samples per symbol, and with the equalizer operating on blocks of 512 and 1024 samples (i.e., 512/1024-point FFT). We found that at an optical signal-to-noise power ratio (OSNR) of 35 dB, the momentum-based gradient descent algorithm can successfully track state-of-polarization (SOP) rotation at frequencies of up to 50 kHz and with filter update delays of up to 14 blocks (39 ns). In comparison, using the conventional gradient descent algorithm in an otherwise identical receiver, the equalizer performance starts to deteriorate at SOP rotation frequencies above 20 kHz.

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Demanding response time requirements on coherent receivers due to fast polarization rotations caused by lightning events

Cited by 72 publications

References 7 publications

Overhead-optimization of pilot-based digital signal processing for flexible high spectral efficiency transmission

Overhead-optimization of pilot-based digital signal processing for flexible high spectral efficiency transmission

Machine Learning for Optical Network Security Monitoring: A Practical Perspective

Performance of momentum-based frequency-domain MIMO equalizer in the presence of feedback delay

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