Demystifying Blockchain Technology for Resource-Constrained IoT Devices: Parameters, Challenges and Future Perspective

Romashkova, Inna; Komarov, Mikhail; Ometov, Aleksandr

doi:10.1109/access.2021.3112228

Cited by 7 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 70 publications

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“…As the blockchain size increases, processing power, storage, and throughput need also increase or it will not be possible for all nodes to process blocks at some point [54]. The limitation of results consider 3 peers in blockchain, 1 being the orderer in a standard t2.micro AWS machine.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Fog and Blockchain Software Architecture for a Global Scale Vaccination Strategy

Costa

Righi

et al. 2022

IEEE Access

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Nowadays, there are many fragmented records of patient's health data in different locations like hospitals, clinics, and organizations all around the world. With the arrival of the COVID-19 pandemic, several governments and institutions struggled to have satisfactory, fast, and accurate decision-making in a wide, dispersed, and global environment. In the current literature, we found that the most common related challenges include delay (network latency), software scalability, health data privacy, and global patient identification. We propose to design, implement and evaluate a healthcare software architecture focused on a global vaccination strategy, considering healthcare privacy issues, latency mitigation, support of scalability, and the use of a global identification. We have designed and implemented a prototype of a healthcare software called Fog-Care, evaluating performance metrics like latency, throughput and send rate of a hypothetical scenario where a global integrated vaccination campaign is adopted in wide dispensed locations (Brazil, USA, and United Kingdom), with an approach based on blockchain, unique identity, and fog computing technologies. The evaluation results demonstrate that the minimum latency spends less than 1 second to run, and the average of this metric grows in a linear progression, showing that a decentralized infrastructure integrating blockchain, global unique identification, and fog computing are feasible to make a scalable solution for a global vaccination campaign within other hospitals, clinics, and research institutions around the world and its data-sharing issues of privacy, and identification. Blockchain, cloud computing, fog computing, healthcare, hyperledger. INDEX TERMS

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Fog and Blockchain Software Architecture for a Global Scale Vaccination Strategy

Costa

Righi

et al. 2022

IEEE Access

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“…In IoT deployments, devices' limited computational power, memory, and energy pose challenges for integrating blockchain solutions [110]. Running full blockchain nodes on resource-constrained devices is impractical, and BaaS introduces additional latency and strain on such devices due to network communication and consensus requirements [110]. Moreover, the transparency of public blockchains raises privacy concerns, necessitating privacy-preserving techniques for sensitive IoT data [79].…”

Section: Open Issues and Future Directionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tides of Blockchain in IoT Cybersecurity

Ahakonye,

Nwakanma,

Kim

2024

Sensors

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This paper surveys the implementation of blockchain technology in cybersecurity in Internet of Things (IoT) networks, presenting a comprehensive framework that integrates blockchain technology with intrusion detection systems (IDS) to enhance IDS performance. This paper reviews articles from various domains, including AI, blockchain, IDS, IoT, and Industrial IoT (IIoT), to identify emerging trends and challenges in this field. An analysis of various approaches incorporating AI and blockchain demonstrates the potentiality of integrating AI and blockchain to transform IDS. This paper’s structure establishes the foundation for further investigation and provides a blueprint for the development of IDS that is accessible, scalable, transparent, immutable, and decentralized. A demonstration from case studies integrating AI and blockchain shows the viability of combining the duo to enhance performance. Despite the challenges posed by resource constraints and privacy concerns, it is notable that blockchain is the key to securing IoT networks and that continued innovation in this area is necessary. Further research into lightweight cryptography, efficient consensus mechanisms, and privacy-preserving techniques is needed to realize all of the potential of blockchain-powered cybersecurity in IoT.

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“…This showed that despite both fields having common native synergies and popular applications such as distributed and trustless ledgers or identity verification. Authors showcase the computation limitations of the IoT devices that could directly compromise the security or the consensus of the network if the resources are not adequately handled, proposing in some occasions to sacrifice in some degree the decentralization in favour of increasing the security [33].…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Can We Run Our Ethereum Nodes at Home?

Cortes-Goicoechea,

Mohandas-Daryanani,

Muñoz-Tapia

et al. 2024

IEEE Access

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Scalability is a common issue among the most used permissionless blockchains, and several approaches have been proposed to solve it. However, tackling scalability while preserving the security and decentralization of the network is a significant challenge. To deliver effective scaling solutions, Ethereum achieved a significant protocol improvement, including a change in the consensus mechanism towards Proof of Stake. This improvement greatly reduced the hardware requirements to run a node, leading to significant sustainability benefits with a lower network energy consumption. This work analyzes the resource usage behaviour of different clients running as Ethereum consensus nodes, comparing their performance under different configurations and analyzing their differences. Our results show higher requirements than claimed initially and how different clients react to network perturbations. Furthermore, we discuss the differences between the consensus clients, including their strong points and limitations.INDEX TERMS Ethereum, Consensus Clients, Hardware Requirements, Proof of Stake

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Demystifying Blockchain Technology for Resource-Constrained IoT Devices: Parameters, Challenges and Future Perspective

Cited by 7 publications

References 70 publications

A Fog and Blockchain Software Architecture for a Global Scale Vaccination Strategy

A Fog and Blockchain Software Architecture for a Global Scale Vaccination Strategy

Tides of Blockchain in IoT Cybersecurity

Can We Run Our Ethereum Nodes at Home?

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