Dendritic cells and routing cargo into exosomes

Leone, Dario A.; Rees, Andrew J.; Kain, Renate

doi:10.1111/imcb.12170

Cited by 61 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 71 publications

(87 reference statements)

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“…LMP-1 is the homolog of a commonly-identified mammalian exosome membrane protein LAMP-1, 47,48,49 To determine whether LMP-1 was specifically associated with EVs or was also in other size exclusion fractions we conducted Western analysis with a monoclonal anti-LMP-1 antibody against all 15 1 mL SEC elution fractions (Developmental Studies Hybidoma Bank, Iowa City, Iowa, Cat# LMP-1). We found strong immunoreactivity only within the elution fractions that are enriched for EVs.…”

Section: Canonical Human Ev Transmembrane Proteins Can Be Used To Idementioning

confidence: 99%

Isolation and characterization of extracellular vesicles from Caenorhabditis elegans for multi-omic analysis

et al. 2018

Preprint

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Cells from bacteria to human release vesicles into their extracellular environment. These extracellular vesicles (EVs) contain multiple classes of molecules, including nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids. The isolation and analysis of EV cargos from mammalian cell culture and liquid biopsy samples has become a powerful approach for uncovering the messages that are packaged into these organelles. However, this approach has not been tenable in invertebrate model systems due to lack of sufficient amounts of pure EVs. Here we report a robust and reproducible procedure to isolate EVs from Caenorhabditis elegans with yields similar to those obtained from human cell culture. Through nanoparticle tracking, transmission electron microscopy, flow cytometry, mass spectrometry, RNAseq, and immunoaffinity analysis we provide the first ever detailed characterization of C.elegans EV composition and demonstrate that C. elegans EVs share fundamentally similar properties with their mammalian counterparts. These include vesicle size, enrichment for lipid rafts, and similar types of RNA and protein cargos. This ability of isolate pure EVs on a scale amenable to multiple types of downstream analyses permits, multi-omics characterization of EV cargos in an invertebrate model system. BACKGROUNDThe cellular secretion of small membrane-bound extracellular vesicles (EVs) into the external environment is an ancient capacity conserved throughout evolution 1,2,3 . EVs range in size from 30-1000 nm in diameter and can be internalized into recipient cells via endocytosis or membrane fusion. There is growing recognition that EVs may play important roles in facilitating intercellular communication through transferring protein, lipid, and genetic cargos 4,5 . The content of EVs are influenced by the physiological state of the cells and are thought to play critical roles in diverse cellular processes as well as multiple types of pathological conditions including cancer, immunity, and neurodegenerative diseases.Many studies have characterized the composition of mammalian EVs. Such EVs are highly enriched in the lipid raft species cholesterol, and sphingomyelin, and in proteins that associate with lipid rafts, including glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored (GPI) proteins 6,7,8 . The two main types of EVs studied so far are exosomes, which release from the endosomal network and microvesicles which bud directly from the plasma membrane 9,10 . Mammalian exosomes commonly contain membrane proteins such as CD9, CD63, and CD81, as well as lysosomal and endosomal-marking proteins, and various amounts of extracellular matrix proteins while are largely free of nuclear proteins 11 . Microvesicles have less defined protein markers but may contain proteins of mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum origin 11 . However, the methods utilized to purify EVs do not separate these types of vesicles, so it is currently unclear how to definitively distinguish the cargos from different types of EVs 12 . EVs from diverse species, including humans, are known to carry RNA ...

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Section: Canonical Human Ev Transmembrane Proteins Can Be Used To Idementioning

confidence: 99%

Isolation and characterization of extracellular vesicles from Caenorhabditis elegans for multi-omic analysis

et al. 2018

Preprint

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“…Secondly, the exosomes can be internalized by APCs and then present antigen to the surface to form a MHC complex [91,92]. Once internalized by the APCs, the complex peptide/MHC will be exposed to the membrane.…”

Section: Evs Play An Important Role In Autoantigen Presentation and Tmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential roles of extracellular vesicles in the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of autoimmune diseases

Tian¹,

Casella²,

Zhang³

et al. 2020

Int. J. Biol. Sci.

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Since extracellular vesicles (EVs) were discovered in 1983 in sheep reticulocytes samples, they have gradually attracted scientific attention and become a topic of great interest in the life sciences field. EVs are small membrane particles, released by virtually every cell that carries a variety of functional molecules. Their main function is to deliver messages to the surrounding area in both physiological and pathological conditions. Initially, they were thought to be either cell debris, signs of cell death, or unspecific structures. However, accumulating evidence support a theory that EVs are a universal mechanism of communication. Thanks to their biological characteristics and functions, EVs are likely to represent a promising strategy for obtaining pathogen information, identifying therapeutic targets and selecting specific biomarkers for a variety of diseases, such as autoimmune diseases. In this review, we provide a brief overview of recent progress in the study of the biology and functions of EVs. We also discuss their roles in diagnosis and therapy, with particular emphasis on autoimmune diseases.

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“…These specific proteins contained in exosomes can reveal which mother cells they are from. For example, exosomes derived from intestinal epithelial cells contain various metabolic enzymes [16]; exosomes derived from T cells have T cell surface receptor proteins; and the ones from dendritic cells contain a large number of proteins associated with antigen-presenting cells, such as MHC class I molecules, MHC class II molecules, and costimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86 [17]. These proteins can be used as markers to provide a basis for early diagnosis of disease, such as tumors.…”

Section: Exosome Cargoesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Therapeutic potential role of exosomes for ischemic stroke

Zhu

Kalyan

Chen

2019

Brain Science Advances

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Exosomes are extracellular vesicles with a diameter of 30–100 nm, which are released into the extracellular space by fusion of multivesicular and plasma membranes. These vesicles actually play a distinct role in cell communication, although they were considered as membrane debris in the past. The endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT)-dependent and ESCRT-independent mechanisms are currently considered to be involved in the sorting of exosomes, and the release of exosomes is related to the members of Rab protein family and SNARE family. In recent years, the therapeutic potential of exosomes has become apparent. For example, via the direct transplantation of exosomes, the ischemic area after stroke is reduced, and the neurological function is improved significantly. Furthermore, they can be used as effective drug delivery vehicles due to their unique characteristics such as low immunogenicity and nanometer size. In conclusion, exosomes provide a cell-free treatment for ischemic stroke.

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Dendritic cells and routing cargo into exosomes

Cited by 61 publications

References 71 publications

Isolation and characterization of extracellular vesicles from Caenorhabditis elegans for multi-omic analysis

Isolation and characterization of extracellular vesicles from Caenorhabditis elegans for multi-omic analysis

Potential roles of extracellular vesicles in the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of autoimmune diseases

Therapeutic potential role of exosomes for ischemic stroke

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