Dental Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Based Translational Regenerative Dentistry: From Artificial to Biological Replacement

Abstract

Dentistry is a continuously changing field that has witnessed much advancement in the past century. Prosthodontics is that branch of dentistry that deals with replacing missing teeth using either fixed or removable appliances in an attempt to simulate natural tooth function. Although such “replacement therapies” appear to be easy and economic they fall short of ever coming close to their natural counterparts. Complications that arise often lead to failures and frequent repairs of such devices which seldom allow true physiological function of dental and oral-maxillofacial tissues. Such factors can critically affect the quality of life of an individual. The market for dental implants is continuously growing with huge economic revenues. Unfortunately, such treatments are again associated with frequent problems such as peri-implantitis resulting in an eventual loss or replacement of implants. This is particularly influential for patients having co-morbid diseases such as diabetes or osteoporosis and in association with smoking and other conditions that undoubtedly affect the final treatment outcome. The advent of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine therapies along with the enormous strides taken in their associated interdisciplinary fields such as stem cell therapy, biomaterial development, and others may open arenas to enhancing tissue regeneration via designing and construction of patient-specific biological and/or biomimetic substitutes. This review will overview current strategies in regenerative dentistry while overviewing key roles of dental mesenchymal stem cells particularly those of the dental pulp, until paving the way to precision/translational regenerative medicine therapies for future clinical use.

Attachment and spatial organisation of human mesenchymal stem cells on poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels

“…The different dental stem cells have dedicated names based on their location and regenerative purpose ( Figure 5) [36]. However, many regenerative applications are being developed that use dental stem cells for purposes other than dental regeneration, since they have proven to have multi-differentiation potency [37][38][39][40][41]. For instance, periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) have been recognised for their differentiation into osteoblasts [42].…”

Human mesenchymal stem cells conditioned media promotes the wound healing process - An in vitro study

“…The application of adipose and dental pulp tissue-derived stem cells has been studied extensively and they represent a promising source for cell or cell-free therapeutics [3,4,10,11]. In this communication, we have brie ly highlighted the potential of DP-CM and AD-CM as a cell-free therapy for wound repair and regeneration.…”

“…Skin wound healing is an organized process involving distant interplay of specialized cells for repair and regeneration [1]. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from dental pulp tissue and adipose tissue have been broadly studied for their stemness, regenerative potential and in treatment of various medical conditions [2][3][4]. More recently, MSCs derived conditioned media (MSC-CM) has been reported as a rich source of important growth factors and cytokines effective in wound healing and repair [5][6][7] .…”

Extracellular Matrix Composition and Remodeling: Current Perspectives on Secondary Palate Formation, Cleft Lip/Palate, and Palatal Reconstruction

“…Both DPSCs and SHEDs allow cell sheets (Pedroni et al, 2018;Lee et al, 2019) and 3D spheroids cultures (Wang et al, 2010;Xiao et al, 2014). The high regenerative potential of SHEDs and DPSCs could be explained by its particular secretome content, including many types of paracrine soluble molecules and EVs, identified as immunogenic, pro-neurogenic, and proangiogenic (Kichenbrand et al, 2018;Marei and El Backly, 2018;Yusof et al, 2018). SHED secretome profile is also modulated during osteogenic differentiation leading to increase angiogenic potential (Mussano et al, 2018).…”